1. Absolutism of Louis XIV: Background: Louis XIII (1610-43) Administrative reform, centralized control over regions Intendents— Fought Habsburg Dynasty, made France a great power Opposed Hugenots, removed their right to fortified towns Louis XIV (Ruled 1643-1715)

2. Four Characteristics of Royal Authority  Royal authority is sacred  It is Paternal  It is absolute  It is subject to reason

3. Cardinal Mazarin  Effective ruler with Louis’ mother  Ruled while Louis was young  Powerful and Strong—created the environment in France that would become absolute monarchy

4. The Fronde 1649-52  Noble uprising  Goal—more representation  Showed the need to control nobles  Very meaningful to Louis

5. L’etat c’est moi! “Sun King”

6. Government: Modern, councils, intendants, standing army…  Seen as first modern government  bureaucracy

7. Absolutism as theatre— Versailles  http://www.chateauversa illes.fr/en/111-M.asp http://www.chateauversa illes.fr/en/111-M.asp

8. Influence of Louis’ Government and Style

9.  Louis XIV’s style and methods were copied by other monarchs in Europe  The Palace of Versailles was copied  Schonnbrun palace in Austria  Hohenzollern and Hapsburg emperors

10. Fiscal policy Mercantilism—name given to his policy Jean Baptiste Colbert, finance minister from 1664-1683  Believed that until France….  Put fiscal house in order, it would not achieve greatness; needed overseas colonies, more taxes, better economy

11.  Economic development:  Five Great Farms  Reduced internal French tariffs  Improved standards for French products  Army needed uniforms…weavers, sword makers…

12. Taxes and tax collectors  36 Generalites  Intendants appointed to each  Responsible for tax collecting  Eyes and ears of Louis  Upper bourgeoisie  Essential part of bureaucratic hierarchy

13. Taxes  Taille—land tax, nobles exempt  Capitation tax—direct tax/head tax on each person  Indirect taxes on salt, wine, tobacco

14. Louis and Religion  1685—Revocation of Edict of Nantes  Jesuits, Quietists, Jansenists all claimed to be true faith

15. Louis believed in…  “One king, one law, one faith”

17. Young Louis XIV

18. Louis XIV

20. L’ etat c’est moi! By Hyacinthe Rigaud By Hyacinthe Rigaud

22. Absolutism as theatre—Versailles  http://www.chateauvers ailles.fr/en/111-M.asp http://www.chateauvers ailles.fr/en/111-M.asp

23. Influence of Louis’ Government and Style

24. Louis XIV’s Carriage

25. The Bourbon Family Crest

26. Louis XIV as Apollo

27. by Jean Nocret, 1670

28. The Sun Symbol

29. Louis XIV Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1665

30. Marie Theresa & the Dauphin

31. Jean-Baptiste Colbert

32. Versailles Statistics e 2,000 acres of grounds e 12 miles of roads e 27 miles of trellises e 200,000 trees e 210,000 flowers planted every year e 80 miles of rows of trees e 55 acres surface area of the Grand Canal e 12 miles of enclosing walls e 50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzles e 21 miles of water conduits e 3,600 cubic meters per hour: water consumed e 26 acres of roof e 51,210 square meters of floors e 2,153 windows e 700 rooms e 67 staircases e 6,000 paintings e 1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravings e 2,100 sculptures e 5,000 items of furniture and objects d'art e 150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable Garden

33. Louis XIII’s Old Chateau

34. Versailles Today

35. Palais de Versailles

37. Versailles Palace, Park Side

38. Garden View of Versailles

39. Chateau de Versailles

41. André Le Nôtre, Royal Gardener

42. Versailles’ Northern Gardens

43. Gardens at Versailles

44. Chateau de Versailles Gardens

45. The Orangery

46. Grounds at Versailles

47. The Lightening of the Belvedere by Claude Chatelet, 1781

48. Fountains, Fountains, and More Fountains!

49. And More Fountains!

51. And Even More Fountains!!!

52. Temple of Love

53. Hall of Mirrors

54. The Queen’s Bed The King’s Bed

55. Louis XIV’s Chapel

56. Louis XIV’s Chapel Altarpiece

57. Organ in Louis XIV’s Chapel

58. Louis XIV’s Opera Stage

59. Cabinet with Views of Versailles, 19c

60. Louis XIV Furniture

61. The Gallery of Battles

62. Remember Escorial?? –Granite, shape of grill, monastery, several churches, cript…Phillip II, Catholics…

63. Louis XV [r. 1715 – 1774]

64. The “Hunts” of Louis XV

65. Madame de Pompadour

66. Madame de Pompadour’s Bedroom

67. Petite Trianon, Madame de Pompadour’s Chateau

68. Marie Antoinette & Her Children

69. Marie Antoinette’s Boudoir

70. Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant” House

71. Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant’s Hut”