1. Blood and lymph Hematopoiesis
Blood components and functions
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Theories of hematopoiesis
6. Stem cell structure and functions
7. Embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis
8. Classes of hematopoietic cells
9. Main features of different hematopoietic lines

2. Tissues of inner environment 1. Blood and lymph 2. Connective tissues
Blood functions
Transport
1. Trophic
2. Respiration
3. Humoral
4. Excretion
Protective
Homeostatic

3. Blood= cells + plasma (RBC+WBC+PL) hematocrit VFe/Vpl

4. Plasma physical condition – colloid solution
chemical composition: 90-93 % water
7-10 % dry residue (7% proteins; albumins 4%, globulins 1-3%, fibrinogen 0,2-0,4%)
others 3% (enzymes, vitamins, salts, waste products…)
pH 7,36

5. Hemogram (general blood analysis)
Hematocrit
45:55
Erythrocytes men
3,9-5,5 x 10 12/l
women
3,7-4,9 x 10 12/l
Reticulocytes
2-10 per 1000 erythrocytes
Hemoglobin men
g/l
g/l
Leucocytes
4-9 x 10 9/l
Platelets
x 10 9/l
Speed of blood sedimentation men
6-12 mm/hour
2-14 mm/hour

6. Erythrocytes Respiratory Transport Alkaline-acidic balance Group

8. Sickle-cell anemia Normocyte 7,1-7,9 mkm (75%) Macrocyte >8 mkm
Microcyte <6 mkm
Anisocytosis >20% abnormal sized cells
Discocytes, planocytes,echinocytes…
Poykilocytosis >25% abnormal shaped cells

9. Leucocytes

10. Leucocytes count % Granulocytes Agranulocytes Bazophilic Eosinophilic
Neutrophilic
Lym-pho-cytes
Monocytes
Band
Juve-nile
Segmen-ted
0-1
0.5-5
0.5-1
1-6
47-72
19-37
3-11

11. Neutrophils

12. Neutrophil

13. Eosinophil

14. Eosinophil

15. Basophil

16. Basophil

17. Lymphocytes –immunocytes
Small, medium sized, large
EM: small light and dark, medium sized, B-plasma cells
T and B
Active and memory cells

18. Lymphocyte

19. Monocyte-mononuclear cell
>20 mkm
Bean-like nucleus
Golgi apparatus =>lysosomes
Active type - macrophage

20. Monocyte

21. Mononuclear macrophagic system

22. Platelet

23. HEMATOPOIESIS – blood components development (blood cells and plasma)
Hematocytopoiesis:
1. Erythrocytopoiesis
2. Leucocytopoiesis
a) granulocytopoiesis
b) agranulocytopoiesis
3.Trombocytopoiesis

24. THEORIES OF HEMATOPOIESIS
POLYPHYLETIC THEORY – each mature blood cell type is derived from its own distinct stem cell
MONOPHYLETIC THEORY (A.A. Maximov) – there is one stem cell, which can form all the mature blood cells types
Multipotential stem cell (CFU-S – colony-forming-unit of spleen)

25. Scheme of hematopoiesis

26. Hematopoietic stem cell
1. Originates in the yolk sac
2. Thrives in RBM
3. Similar to small dark lymphocyte
4. Migrating cell
5. Pluripotential cell (gives rise to different cells)
6. Self-supporting cell
7. Rarely dividing cell (Go)
8. Sensitive cell

27. Differences between embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis
Histogenesis of blood
Blood physiologic regeneration
Extracorporal (extraembryonic)
Intracorporal
Intravascular
Extravascular
Occurs in different organs
RBM
Megaloblastic erythropoiesis mesoblastic
Normoblastic

28. CLASSES OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS
I class – polipotent (pluripotent) stem cell
II class – hemistem cells for lymphocytopoiesis and myelopoiesis
III class – unipotent cell (committed) sensitive to exact hemopoietin (erythropoietin, leykopoietin, thrombopoietin)
IV class – blasts (young actively dividing cells)
V class – maturing cells
VI class – an “adult” mature cells in peripheral blood

29. Erythropoiesis 1. Decrease in cell size (from 20 till 8 мm) 2
Erythropoiesis 1. Decrease in cell size (from 20 till 8 мm) 2. Ejection (extrusion) of the nucleus 3. Accumulation of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm 4. Basophily decrease and acidophily increase

30. ERYTHROPOIESIS

31. GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS

32. GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS 1. Decrease in the cell size
2. Chromatin condensation
3. Changes in nuclear shape (flattening – indentation – lobulation).
4. Accumulation of cytoplasmic granules.

33. LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS

34. LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
1. Begins in red bone marrow and then continues in lymphoid tissue
2. Lifespan varies in different types of lymphocytes
3. Antigenindependent development – in the central hematopoietic organs (red bone marrow and thymus) and antigendependent – in peripheral ones (spleen, lymph nodes and nodules)

35. MONOCYTOPOIESIS 1. Decrease in cell diameter
2. Decrease in nuclear diameter
3. Cytoplasm basophily decreases
4. Nucleus changes its shape from round to kidney-like

36. MONOCYTOPOIESIS

37. Trombocytopoiesis Megakaryocyte