1. Macromolecules Carbohydrates,Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids Chapter 2

2. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living things. Sulfur and phosphorus are also important. Organic compounds-compounds that contain carbon. -All organisms are organic. -Because Carbon has 4 valence electrons, it can form many types of molecules.

3. Macromolecules-”giant” molecules molecules with many carbon atoms joined together by polymerization-building a polymer. monomer-single molecule that can combine with other monomers to form polymers -the order, number, and type of monomers combined, allows many types of polymers to be formed. polymer-large molecule formed when many monomers bond together in various ways. MethaneAcetyleneButadieneBenzeneIsooctane

4. condensation (dehydration synthesis)-when an –H and an –OH are removed 2 monomers to form a water (H 2 O) molecule and build a polymer hydrolysis-breaking apart a polymer by adding a water molecule. An -H and an -OH attach to the bonds between monomers in a polymer. -takes place in the digestion of food to break down polymers.

5. 1. Carbohydrates=Sugars made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the proportion of 1:2:1 -general formula is (CH 2 O) n where n is the number of carbon atoms. -product of photosynthesis -store and transport energy in the bodies of living things -monosaccharides (monomer)-one sugar molecule (ex-glucose, galactose, and fructose) -disaccharide-made of two sugar molecules (ex-sucrose or table sugar)

6. -polysaccharides-made of many sugar molecules -examples 1. starch-food storage product in plants 2. glycogen-supplies the energy for muscle contraction in animals 3. cellulose-forms the cells walls of plants and makes them rigid. Animals can’t digest cellulose but it is necessary in our diets for digestion and the elimination of waste. Known as fiber. 4. chitin-forms cell wall of fungal cells and exoskeleton of arthropods

7. Starch Glucose Monomer Polymer

8. 2. Lipids made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen----have less oxygen than carbohydrates Ex-fats, oils, waxes, and chlorophyll-molecule that collects sunlight for photosynthesis Nonpolar so insoluble in water used for long-term energy storage, metabolic reactions, insulation, and protective coatings (ex-plasma membrane) triglyceride-most common type of lipid, consists of 3 fatty acids bonded to a molecule of glycerol -glycerol-a 3-carbon molecule that serves as a backbone for the lipid molecule

9. Glycerol 3 Fatty acid chains

10. -saturated lipids vs. unsaturated lipids- -saturated lipids have carbon chains with single bonds of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They have the maximum number of these bonds and maximum amount of hydrogen (saturated with hydrogen). These are usually solid at room temperature (ex-butter and steak) -this is the “bad” fat. The more hydrogen a fat molecule has, the worse it is for your body -unsaturated lipids have carbon chains with double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Fewer hydrogens can bond to carbon due to the double bonds. -since less hydrogen can bond here, these are better for you and are liquid at room temperature

12. 3. Proteins polymer of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. -perform most functions in bodies of organisms and control the expression of traits -examples-enzymes, hair, muscles, spider's web, collagen fibers in skin, tendons, ligaments, and bones -amino acids (monomer)-the basic building blocks of proteins. There are 20 amino acids. -more types of proteins than any other macromolecule because there are so many amino acids.

13. -peptide bond-bond formed between amino acids to make a protein -proteins are also called polypeptides because there are “many” of this type of bond in a protein -enzymes-proteins that act as a catalyst to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. In some cases it allows some reactions to take place in a cell that normally would need very different conditions. Amino acids

14. 4. Nucleic Acids -composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & phosphorus -macromolecule that stores hereditary information in a code that can be translated to form new proteins. Long chains of repeating monomers called nucleotides. -nucleotides-consist of a 5-carbon sugar with a phosphate group attached to one side of the sugar and a base attached to the other side. -DNA and RNA 1. DNA is the genetic information---determines everything about an organism. 2. DNA serves as the template for RNA. RNA is used to make proteins.