1. BIOLOGY HONORS: Carbon and Macromolecules

2. Which of these major elements can make the most bonds? Which of these major elements can make most varied bond arrangements?

3. Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons The answer is Carbon.

4. Organic Means carbon based. All living things that we know of are carbon based.

6. What are the types of VERY large molecules that you know of?? Hint – you get most of them from your food Macromolecules

7. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

8. Carbohydrates Chains of Sugar molecules Used for quick energy Used for support structure within the cell Monosaccharide – single sugar molecule Disaccharide – two sugar molecules Polysaccharide – many sugar molecules –Starch – plants store quick energy in this form –Cellulose - makes up plant cell walls –Glycogen – animals store quick energy in this form

9. Carbohydrates Sugar - monosaccharide, disaccharide Starch - polysaccharide – Cellulose - polysaccharide Used for quick energy Used for support structure within the cell

10. Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

11. Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose

12. Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers Dehydration Synthesis Or Condensation Reaction Hydrolysis

13. Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

14. Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures

15. Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures

16. Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides

17. Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls

18. Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha

19. Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion: cow

20. Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread

21. Lipids Fats Oils Waxes Long term energy storage Insulation Protective Coatings Steroids

22. Triglycerides –Made of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains –Saturated fats – all single bonds –Unsaturated fats – one or more double bonds in the fatty acid chain Steroids –Several bonded carbon rings Types of Lipids

23. Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

24. Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids

25. Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid

26. Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments

27. Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid

28. Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones

29. Proteins Made of amino acids –Called polypeptides Muscular contraction Structural Support Enzymes Transport (hemoglobin) Antibodies Hormones

30. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

31. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

32. Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

33. Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein

34. Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

35. Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins

36. Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease

37. Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein

38. Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein

40. Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides Stores the genetic information of the organism – DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Involved in the formation of proteins - RNA Ribonucleic acid

41. Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

42. Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin

43. Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick