1. Surface and Ground water Chapter 11

2. Hydrologic Cycle

4. Streams Stream is a term for all water flowing in a channel regardless of the size “creek, rivers, brooks” “arrollos”. Tributaries small feed streams.

5. Two types of Flow “Laminar Flow” “Turbulent Flow” Laminar flow: The streamlines of the flowing water are parallel to e< other, moving in straight lines, and the water is not mixed. The surfc of laminar flowing water is relatively flat and undisturbed. Turbulent flow: The streamlines and the water are all mixed togeth< The surface of a turbulent flow of water is choppy and disrupted.

6. Measuring stream Characteristics Gradient (elevation÷distance) ( ft/milies, meters/Km) Velocity V (distance÷time) (m/sec, ft/sec) Discharge Q (Volume÷time) (ft 3 /sec) * Shape and roughness (Bed  channel floor) (Banks  sides of the channel)

7. Sediment Transport Suspended Load Bed Load Dissolved Load

8. Erosion As streams flow toward the sea, they erode rocks and sediment, three common processes erode a stream channel. Abrasion Hydraulic lifting Dissolution

9. Drainage Basins FIGURE 11.12 Most of the surface water in the United States flows to the sea from approximately a dozen major streams.

11. Drainage Patters

12. 3 Types of stream channels patters Braided stream Meander stream Straight stream channels

13. Sinuosity of a stream

14. Stream Deposition Levees Backswamps Alluvial fans Deltas

15. Amazon river Delta

16. Mississippi Delta

17. GROUNDWATER Porosity ( %) A measure of the amount of space between particles, porosity is expressed as the percentage of total volume Permeability Describes how easily water can move through the rock or sediment. It is determined by both the porosity and how well the spaces are connected ( to allow flow from one space to another )

18. Groundwater

19. Springs

21. Spring

22. Karst Topography Caves