1. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 11 Review for Exam I

2. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 12 Gorry and Scott Morton Framework Robert Anthony Herbert Simon

3. Information Requirements by Management Level

6. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 16 Building and Maintaining Information systems What are the phases in building and maintaining information systems?

7. Phases in Building and Maintaining Systems

8. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 18 IT-Based Innovation What are some of the areas in which IT- based innovations have affected the following functional areas of business?

9. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 19 IT-Based Innovation What are some of the areas in which IT- based innovations have affected the following functional areas of business? –Product design systems –procurement systems –manufacturing systems –sales and marketing systems –delivery systems –customer service systems –finance systems

10. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 110 Technology Trends How technology trends enabled IT-based innovation in business?

11. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 111 Technology Trends How technology trends enabled IT-based innovation in business? –Greater miniaturization, speed and portability –greater connectivity and continuing convergence of computing and communications –greater use of digitized information and multimedia –better software techniques and interfaces with people.

12. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 112 Obstacles to IT-Based Innovation What obstacles to real world limitations have slowed the pace of implementation for IT-based innovations?

13. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 113 Obstacles to IT-Based Innovation What obstacles to real world limitations have slowed the pace of implementation for IT-based innovations? –Unrealistic expectations and techno-hype –difficulty building and maintaining information systems. –Difficulty integrating IT-based systems. –Organizational inertia, resistance and problems with change –genuine difficulty anticipating what will happen

14. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 114 Work Systems What six elements can be used to summarize any work system?

15. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 115 Work Systems

16. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 116 Work Systems What is the relationship between information systems and work systems?

17. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 117 Work Systems

18. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 118 Work Systems What five perspectives can be used for thinking about work systems?

19. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 119 Five Perspectives for Understanding a Work System ARCHITECTURE What are the components of the system that performs the work and who uses the work product? How are the components linked? How do the components operate together? PERFORMANCE How well do the components operate individually? How well does the system operate? (How well is the work performed?) How well should the system operate? INFRASTRUCTURE What technical and human infrastructure does the work rely on? In what ways does infrastructure present opportunities or obstacles? CONTEXT What are the impacts of the organizational and technical context? In what ways does the context present opportunities or obstacles? RISKS What foreseeable things can prevent the work from happening, can make the work inefficient, or can cause defects in the work product? What are the likely responses to these problems?

20. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 120 Work Systems What is the relationship between process architecture, process performance, and product performance?

21. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 121 Work Systems What is the relationship between process architecture, process performance, and product performance? –Improvements in a work system are usually related to the links between the architecture and the performance perspectives. –Customer satisfaction is largely determined by product performance. –Product performance is determined by a combination of product architecture and the internal work system performance

22. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 122 From work system architecture to customer satisfaction

23. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 123 Systems Analysis What are the steps in systems analysis and how can business professionals apply these steps?

24. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 124 Systems Analysis

25. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 125 The 10 Issues in the Work-Centered Analysis Method Systems analysis step 1. Define the problem 2. Describe the current work system in enough depth and 3. Design potential improvements 4.Decide what to do Corresponding issues for thinking about a system Issue 1: Problem Definition Issue 2: Improvements from product changes Issue 3: Improvements from process changes Issue 4: Improvements related to work system participants Issue 5: Improvements from better information Issue 6: Improvements from better technology Issue 7: Improvements from shared infrastructure Issue 8: Improvements related to the business context Issue 9: Improvements from risk reduction Issue 10: Recommendation

26. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 126 Business Processes What is the role of data flow diagrams in process modeling?

27. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 127 Business Processes What is the role of data flow diagrams in process modeling? –Represent the flow of data between different processes in a work system. –They reflect nothing on decision criteria, timing of sub-processes, and other details. –Context diagram is a first-level DFD.

28. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 128 Business Processes What business process characteristics can be used to describe system design choices impacting business process success?

29. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 129 Business Processes Seven Characteristics that often affect business process performance: –Degree of Structure –Range of Involvement –Level of Integration –Complexity –Degree of Reliance on Machines –Attention to Planning, Execution, and Control –Treatment of Exceptions, Errors, and Malfunctions

30. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 130 Business Processes What are different levels for imposing structure on work?

31. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 131 Business Processes What are different levels for imposing structure on work? DEGREE TO WHICH STRUCTURE IS IMPOSED Highest: Substitution of technology for people High: Enforcement of rules or procedures Low: Access to information or tools

32. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 132 Business Processes What are the five possible levels of integration of business processes?

33. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 133 Business Processes What are the five possible levels of integration of business processes? –Level of integration - the level or degree of mutual cooperation or responsiveness between distinct activities or processes.

34. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 134 Five levels of integration between business processes

35. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 135 Five levels of integration between business processes - continued

36. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 136 Five levels of integration between business processes - continued

37. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 137 Management Support In what ways do information systems support various management roles?

38. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 138 Information systems related to Mintzberg’s management roles

39. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 139 Common Sources of Management Information FORMAL, COMPUTER-BASED Internal sources: Key indicators generated by internal tracking systems External sources: Public databases FORMAL, DOCUMENT-BASED Internal sources: Planning reports, internal audits External sources: Industry reports, books, magazines FORMAL, VERBAL Internal sources: Scheduled meetings External sources: Industry forums INFORMAL Internal sources: Lunch conversations, gossip, management-by-walking-around External sources: Trade shows, personal contacts

40. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 140 Data Modeling What is the role of entity-relationship diagrams in data modeling?

41. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 141 Data Modeling What is the role of entity-relationship diagrams in data modeling? –From a user’s perspective, most issues about organizing and accessing information boil down to: What information is in the system? How is the information Organized? How can users obtain whatever information they need? Important aspects of E-R diagrams are entities, relationships, and attributes.

42. CIS 465 - Review for Exam 142 What is the relationship between data, information, and knowledge?