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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 6 The Muscular System
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Muscular System Muscles are responsible for all types of body movement Three basic muscle types are found in the body Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Muscles Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber) Cardiac Muscle cells are branches Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments All muscles share some terminology Prefixes myo and mys refer to “muscle” Prefix sarco refers to “flesh”
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscles Table 6.1 (1 of 2)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Characteristics Most are attached by tendons to bones Cells are multinucleated – multiple nucleus Striated—have visible banding Voluntary—subject to conscious control
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle Muscle Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue Endomysium—encloses a single muscle fiber or cell Perimysium—wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers/cells Epimysium—covers the entire skeletal muscle Aponeurosis (Fascia) — covering on the outside of the epimysium
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.1
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Attachments Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment Tendons—cord-like structures Mostly collagen fibers Often cross a joint due to toughness and small size Aponeuroses—sheet-like structures Attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Attachments Sites of muscle attachment Bones Cartilages Connective tissue coverings
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth Muscle Characteristics Lacks striations Spindle-shaped cells Single nucleus Involuntary—no conscious control Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth Muscle Characteristics Figure 6.2a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiac Muscle Characteristics Striations Usually has a single nucleus Branching cells Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc Involuntary Found only in the heart
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiac Muscle Characteristics Figure 6.2b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function of Skeletal Muscles Produce movement Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate heat
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Anatomy of a skeletal muscle cell (cell membrane, cytoplasm & nucleus) Sarcolemma—specialized plasma membrane Myofibrils—long organelles inside muscle cell Sarcoplasmic reticulum—specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.3a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands I band = light band Contains only thin filaments A band = dark band Contains the entire length of the thick filaments
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.3b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Sarcomere—contractile unit of a muscle fiber Organization of the sarcomere Myofilaments Thick filaments (A Band) = myosin filaments Thin filaments ( I band) = actin filaments
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Thick filaments = myosin filaments Composed of the protein myosin Has ATPase enzymes Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges) Myosin and actin overlap somewhat Thin filaments = actin filaments Composed of the protein actin Anchored to the Z disc
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.3c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle At rest, there is a bare zone that lacks actin filaments called the H zone Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Stores and releases calcium Surrounds the myofibril
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Figure 6.3d
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells Excitability (also called responsiveness or irritability)—ability to receive and respond to a stimulus Contractility—ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received Extensibility—ability of muscle cells to be stretched Elasticity—ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract Motor unit — one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells (fibers) stimulated by that neuron
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6.4a The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Figure 6.4b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Neuromuscular junction Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and muscle – the site where the motor nerve meets the muscle
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Figure 6.5a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Synaptic cleft (Synapse) Gap between nerve and muscle (at neuromuscular junction) Nerve and muscle do not make contact Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential Figure 6.5b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle Neurotransmitter—chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is acetylcholine (ACh) Acetylcholine attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium (Na+)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle Figure 6.5c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle Sodium rushes into the cell generating an action potential Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle Figure 6.6
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Activation by nerve causes myosin heads (cross bridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin filament Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the thin filament and pull them toward the center of the sarcomere This continued action causes a sliding of the myosin along the actin The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction Figure 6.7a–b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory Figure 6.8a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory Figure 6.8b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sliding Filament Theory Figure 6.8c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none” Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses Graded responses — different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Graded responses can be produced by changing The frequency of muscle stimulation The number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Graded Responses Twitch Single, brief contraction Not a normal muscle function
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Graded Responses Figure 6.9a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Graded Responses Tetanus (summing of contractions) Two types of Tetanus – Fused & Unfused One contraction is immediately followed by another The muscle does not completely return to a resting state The effects are added
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tetanus - Types of Graded Responses Figure 6.9b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Graded Responses Unfused (incomplete) tetanus Some relaxation occurs between contractions The results are summed
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Graded Responses Figure 6.9c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Graded Responses Fused (complete) tetanus No evidence of relaxation before the following contractions The result is a sustained muscle contraction
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Graded Responses Figure 6.9d
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers stimulated More fibers contracting results in greater muscle tension Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of energy
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Energy is found in ATP molecules from: Carbohydrates Fats Protein
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP ADP + P = ENERGY
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Aerobic vs Anaerobic Aerobic - with oxygen Anaerobic – without oxygen - 3 types (stored ATP, CP system & Anaerobic Glycolysis) Initially, muscles use Stored ATP for energy ATP bonds are broken to release energy Only 4–6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by muscles After this initial time, other pathways must be utilized to produce ATP
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Muscle cells store Creatine-Phosphate (CP) CP is a high-energy molecule After ATP is depleted, ADP is left CP transfers energy to ADP, to regenerate ATP CP supplies are exhausted in less than 15 seconds
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Figure 6.10a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction – Anaerobic Glycolysis Anaerobic Glycolysis Reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to produce some ATP Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid This reaction is not as efficient, but is fast Huge amounts of glucose are needed Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Figure 6.10c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anaerobic Energy Three Forms of Anaerobic Energy Stored ATP – found in muscles (4 - 6 seconds) CP System (15 seconds) Anaerobic Glycolysis (30 – 60 seconds) Total 45 – 75 seconds of maximal energy without oxygen
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Aerobic respiration (Aerobic Glycolysis) Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy (ATP) This is a slower reaction that requires continuous oxygen A series of metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy for Muscle Contraction Figure 6.10b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract even with a stimulus Common cause for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove oxygen deficit – lactic acid & CO2 Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated lactic acid Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract less
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Muscle Contractions Isotonic contractions Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions The muscle shortens and movement occurs – Concentric Contraction Muscle fibers lengthen and movement occurs – Eccentric Contraction Isometric contractions Tension in the muscles increases The muscle is unable to shorten or produce movement – NO MOVEMENT
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tone Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle – muscle tone Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle tone The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity Table 6.2
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles and Body Movements Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone Muscles are attached to at least two points Origin Attachment to a immoveable bone Insertion Attachment to an movable bone
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles and Body Movements Figure 6.12
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Flexion Decreases the angle of the joint Brings two bones closer together Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow Extension Opposite of flexion Increases angle between two bones
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Rotation Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis Common in ball-and-socket joints Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Abduction Movement of a limb away from the midline Adduction Opposite of abduction Movement of a limb toward the midline
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Circumduction Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction Common in ball-and-socket joints
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Dorsiflexion Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin Plantar flexion Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13e
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Inversion Turn sole of foot medially Eversion Turn sole of foot laterally
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13f
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Supination Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly Pronation Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13g
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Opposition Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13h
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Muscles Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Naming Skeletal Muscles By direction of muscle fibers Example : Rectus (straight) By relative size of the muscle Example : Maximus (largest)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Naming Skeletal Muscles By location of the muscle Example : Temporalis (temporal bone) By number of origins Example : Triceps (three heads)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Naming Skeletal Muscles By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion Example : Sterno (on the sternum) By shape of the muscle Example : Deltoid (triangular) By action of the muscle Example : Flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arrangement of Fascicles Figure 6.14
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Head and Neck Muscles Facial muscles Frontalis—raises eyebrows Orbicularis oculi—closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks Orbicularis oris—closes mouth and protrudes the lips Buccinator—flattens the cheek, chews Zygomaticus—raises corners of the mouth Chewing muscles Masseter—closes the jaw and elevates mandible Temporalis—synergist of the masseter, closes jaw
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Head and Neck Muscles Neck muscles Platysma—pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly Sternocleidomastoid—flexes the neck, rotates the head
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Head and Neck Muscles Figure 6.15
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Anterior muscles Pectoralis major—adducts and flexes the humerus Intercostal muscles External intercostals—raise rib cage during inhalation Internal intercostals—depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Figure 6.16a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Muscles of the abdominal girdle Rectus abdominis—flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing) External and internal obliques—flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally Transversus abdominis—compresses abdominal contents
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Figure 6.16b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Posterior muscles Trapezius—elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula Latissimus dorsi—extends and adducts the humerus Erector spinae—back extension Quadratus lumborum—flexes the spine laterally Deltoid—arm abduction
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm Figure 6.17a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm Figure 6.17b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Upper Limb Biceps brachii—supinates forearm, flexes elbow Brachialis—elbow flexion Brachioradialis—weak muscle Triceps brachii—elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm Figure 6.16a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm Figure 6.17a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Limb Gluteus maximus—hip extension Gluteus medius—hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking Iliopsoas—hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect Adductor muscles—adduct the thighs
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles causing movement at the knee joint Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee flexion Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles causing movement at the knee joint Sartorius—flexes the thigh Quadriceps group—extends the knee Rectus femoris Vastus muscles (three)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip, Thigh Figure 6.19c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot Tibialis anterior—dorsiflexion and foot inversion Extensor digitorum longus—toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot Fibularis muscles—plantar flexion, everts the foot Soleus—plantar flexion
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Leg Figure 6.20a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles of the Lower Leg Figure 6.20b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Intramuscular Injection Sites Figure 6.18, 6.19b, d
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles: Anterior Figure 6.21
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Superficial Muscles: Posterior Figure 6.22
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