1. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan

2. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Atmospheric Stability The steeper the lapse rate the less stable the atmosphere.

3. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Hurricane Structure

4. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Hurricanes Tropical storms gather their energy from latent heat

5. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Hurricanes Path of tropical storms carries energy from tropics towards poles

6. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Hurricane Intensity The ability for tropical storms to organize and strengthen depends on characteristics of the atmosphere and ocean Sea Surface Temperature Wind Shear Availability of Moisture

7. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Hurricane Intensity

8. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Hurricanes Destruction results from winds, flooding, tornados and lightning

9. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Threats to Ocean Coastal Regions

10. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Area (km 2 )

11. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Hurricanes

12. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Sea Level Rise

13. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan General Circulation Air returning to the equator creates the trades winds

14. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan General Circulation

15. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan El Niño/La Niña Ocean circulation follows the circulation of the atmosphere

16. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Heat Exchange in Oceans Ocean circulation follows the circulation of the atmosphere

17. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Ocean Circulation

18. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Ocean Circulation

19. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan General Ocean Circulation Path of tropical storms carries energy from tropics towards poles

20. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan El Niño/La Niña The Effect of the wind is to transport surface water away from the coast

21. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan Ice Sheets

22. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan El Niño/La Niña Temperature and height of water normally varies across Pacific with warmest water pooled in west

23. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan El Niño/La Niña During El Niño event the warm water flows back to the east and upwelling there is curtailed

24. Ocean Systems and Climate Modification Ocean Systems Summary Ocean Response Issues ©2001, Perry Samson, University of Michigan General Ocean Circulation Path of tropical storms carries energy from tropics towards poles