1. THE ERUPTION

2. DEATH OF POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM

3. PHLEGRAEAN FIELDS ( BRADYSEISM)

5. STRABO GEOGRAPHY V.4.8 ( VITRUVIUS AND DIODORUS SICULUS)  Mount Vesuvius is situated above these places and people live all around on very beautiful farms, except at the summit. This is flat for the main part, but completely unfruitful, like ashes to look at, and it displays porous hollows of rocks blackened on the surface, as if devoured by fire. As a result, one would deduce that this area was previously on fire and held craters of fire, and that it was extinguished when the fuel failed. Perhaps this is also the reason for the fruitfulness of the surrounding area, just as at Catana they say that the part covered by ash carried up by the fire of Etna made the country suited to vine-growing.

6. 4,00 FT. HIGH

7. MONTE SOMMA/MONTE VESUVIO

8. TRADITIONAL DATE  19– 23 August --- earth tremors and other signs  Morning 24 Aug. –explosion with ash  But- more than 12 dates given in manuscripts of Pliny’s Letters

9.  Deciduous trees sill have leaves at Herculaneum  Villa A at Oplontis-herbs that would have finished flowering by autumn  Broad beans ( don’t stay fresh long after picking) AUGUST

10.  Heavy clothing on victims  Autumn fruits ( pomegranates)  BUT Maybe clothing for protection from ash Fruits picked earlier but saved. ATUMN?

11. NEW EVIDENCE ( HOUSE OF THE GOLDEN BRACELET COIN HOARD)  Silver denarius of Titus

12.  Imperator Titus Caesar Vespasian Augustus Pontifex Maximus  With tribunician power for the 9 th time 9  Acclaimed Imperator for the 15 th time, consul for the 7 th time, father of the country.  Consul= 79 CE/Tribune= July/Imperator= not before Sept. TRP VIIII IMPXV COS VII PP

13. PLINY THE YOUNGER -EYEWITNESS  Letters -- Pliny the Younger to Tacitus  Raised by his uncle Pliny the Elder. Pliny the Elder– ( The Natural History– 37 Books ). Commander of Roman fleet at Misenum

14. MISENUM

15. PLINIAN PHASE ( 10-20 MILES HIGH)

16. PLINIAN PHASE ( UMBRELLA PINE)

17. PLEA FROM RECTINA

18. “FORTUNE FAVORS THE BRAVE-HEAD FOR POMPONIANUS” (STABIAE)

20. DEATH OF PLINY THE ELDER

21. “STUDYING LIVY”

22. TIMELINE (2-- DAYS FROM 11:00 AM TO 8:00 AM )  Day 1-steam, Plinian Phase Day 2- pumice (lapilli) and rock 6 inches per hour

23. DAY 2 --PELEAN PHASE-SURGES 1AND 2 (NUEES ARDENTES) HERCULANEUM  Hot ash and gas ( 212- 750degrees F.) 100+miles per hour

24. FINAL SURGE SWEPT ACROSS BAY TO MISENUM ( 18 MILES)

25.  Herculaneum 6 surges ( 75 feet),extended coastline by 1300 ft.  Pompeii = last 3/6 surges (2-6 ft.)

26. POMPEII OVERBURDEN

30. 100,000 TIMES A- BOMB

31. 2000 VICTIMS FOUND

36. MOOSE

37. HERCULANEUM

38. AUG. 25

39. HERCULANEUM BATH

44. 1982

45. 300 + VICTIMS

48. 13 MARCH 1944

49. PRESERVATION OF POMPEII/HERCULANEUM

53. HOUSE OF THE MOSAIC ATRIUM HERCULANEUM

56. HOUSE OF THE WOODEN PARTITION

57.  Stabiae

58. VILLA A OPLONTIS  Poppaea?

59. MARTIAL, EPIGRAMS  Behold Vesuvius, that was until lately covered with the green shade of vines, whose famous juice filled vats to overflowing. Bacchus cared more for these slopes than the hills of his own Nysa..This was Venus’ dwelling… and the place where Hercules left his name. All was destroyed by flame and buried in ash.

60. SURVIVORS?  Numerius Popidius Celsinus son of Numerius paid for the temple of Isis to be rebuilt…..To repay his generosity the town council accepted him into their order free of charge, although he was only six years old.

61. CIL, 10 846  To the shades of Numerius Popidius Celsinus, decurion, well- deserving. Quintus Cecilius his son set this up.  Tomb of an army veteran who died and was buried in Spain.