1. Spectral Interpretation General Process for Structure Elucidation of an Unknown Nat. Prod. Rep., 1999, 16, 241-248

2. Normally the molecular formula is derived from a combination of 13 C NMR, DEPT and MS data. Using IR, UV and 13 C NMR the functional groups can be proposed 1 H NMR coupling data or 2D NMR correlations are used to assemble substructures The substructures are then combined into ‘working structures’ using all possible combinations of the substructures Check structures for consistency with the 2D-NMR data and MS fragmentations etc. 13 C chemical shifts of the surviving structure(s) are then compared with literature, database or predicted values to confirm the 2D structure of the molecule. To determine the relative stereochemistry of the molecule, 1 H coupling constant (J) and Nuclear Overhauser (NOE) data is used Spectral Interpretation General Process for Structure Elucidation of an Unknown Need to Verify as early as possible if the structure has already been identified Don’t want to waste time and effort re-discovering a compound Done by using a combination of molecular formula, substructure and chemical structure databases Nat. Prod. Rep., 1999, 16, 241-248

3. NMR Spectroscopy Nat. Prod. Rep., 1999, 16, 241-248 Possible Strategy using only C-C correlations heteroatoms can be inferred from 13 C chemical shifts -Requires high concentrations because of low sensitivity of 2D INADEQUATE -Because of 1 J CC variability may need to collect multiple 2D INADEQUATE experiments -Requires longer time than other methods, still need HMBC or NOE to bridge heteroatoms

4. NMR Spectroscopy Possible Strategy using H-H and H-C correlations Nat. Prod. Rep., 1999, 16, 241-248 - COSY sees 2,3 & 4 bond correlation which leads to confusion - Impossible to distinguish between 3 and 3-bond correlations in HMBC - Angular dependence of 3 J HH and 3 J CH means that some expected cross peaks will not appear in the COSY and HMBC spectra - Lower resolution in indirect 13 C dimension

5. NMR Spectroscopy Typical Experiments and Connectivity Information used in Structure Elucidation

6. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 693-703 NMR Spectroscopy Summarizing the available NMR results is an important first step. - Also a source of problems if data is missing from the summary. - Don’t ignore the spectral data or rely completely on your peak lists or summary data

7. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2003; 41: 359–372 NMR Spectroscopy Need to Generate Molecular Connectivity Diagrams of the compound - effectively summarizes all the experimental NMR data - numerous possible connectivities, increases with the complexity of the compound

8. NMR Spectroscopy Proposed Structure Needs to Be Consistent with ALL the observed data - a single unaccounted for peak, or a missing peak predicted by the structure may indicate a wrong structure. - especially if some components of the structure rely on a single observation or correlation Magn. Reson. Chem. 2001; 39: 762–764

9. NMR Spectroscopy Proposed Structure Needs to Be Consistent with ALL the observed data - missing peak predicted by the structure may indicate a wrong structure. Corrected Structure Original Structure Org. Lett., Vol. 6, No. 23, 2004 Assignment change resolved missing NOE problem

10. NMR Spectroscopy Validate or Verify Accuracy of Structure by Consistency with Databases - is the structure and experimental chemical shift assignments consistent with predicted chemicals shifts based on the experimental structures J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2002, 42, 241-248 Correct Structure

11. NMR Spectroscopy Validate or Verify Accuracy of Structure by Consistency with Databases - is the structure and experimental chemical shift assignments consistent with predicted chemicals shifts based on the experimental structures Correct Structure

12. NMR Spectroscopy Numerous Examples of Incorrect Structures in the Literature Example: Incorrect Correct Verified by total synthesis Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 1012 – 1044 key HMBC correlations

13. key NOE correlations NMR Spectroscopy Numerous Examples of Incorrect Structures in the Literature J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 1996-2001 - coupling correlation not always sufficient to properly determine a structure - NOEs can provide critical correlations that are not evident simply from coupling