1. Electromagnetism Lecture#12-13 Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Mateen Yaqoob

2. Inductor An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic field. Inductors find numerous applications in electronic and power systems. They are used in power supplies, transformers, radios, TVs, radars and electric motors. Any conductor of electric current has inductive properties and may be regarded as an inductor. But in order to enhance the inductive effect, a practical inductor is usually formed into a cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wire. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

3. Inductor An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire Inductors are formed with wire tightly wrapped around a solid central core MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

4. Inductance Inductance (or electric inductance) is a measure of the amount of magnetic flux produced for a given electric current. The inductance has the following relationship: L= Φ/i where ◦L is the inductance in henrys, ◦i is the current in amperes, ◦Φ is the magnetic flux in webers MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

5. If current is allowed to pass through an inductor, it is found that the voltage across the inductor is directly proportional to the time rate of change of the current. Using the passive sign convention, where L is the constant of proportionality called the inductance of the inductor. The unit of inductance is the henry (H), named in honor of the American inventor Joseph Henry (1797–1878). MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

6. Flux in Inductors The relation between the flux in inductor and the current through the inductor is given below. i φ Linear Nonlinear MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

7. + - v L where i(t 0 ) is the total current for −∞ < t < t 0 and i(−∞) = 0. The idea of making i(−∞) = 0 is practical and reasonable, because there must be a time in the past when there was no current in the inductor. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

8. The inductor is designed to store energy in its magnetic field The energy stored in an inductor + - v L MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

9. Important properties of inductor When the current through an inductor is a constant, then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as a short circuit. An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc. The current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

10. Example 1 The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) = 10te -5t A. Find the voltage across the inductor and the energy stored in it. Solution: MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

11. Example 2 Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage across it is Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s. Assume i(0)=0. Solution: MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

12. Example 2 MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

13. Inductors in Series MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

14. Series Inductor Applying KVL to the loop, Substituting v k = L k di/dt results in MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

15. Inductors in Parallel MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

16. Parallel Inductors Using KCL, But MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

17. Example 3 Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit shown in Fig. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

18. Example 3 Solution: MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

19. Example 4 For the circuit in Fig, If find : MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

20. Solution MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

22. Applications of Capacitors and Inductors Circuit elements such as resistors and capacitors are commercially available in either discrete form or integrated-circuit (IC) form. Unlike capacitors and resistors, inductors with appreciable inductance are difficult to produce on IC substrates. Therefore, inductors (coils) usually come in discrete form and tend to be more bulky and expensive. For this reason, inductors are not as versatile as capacitors and resistors, and they are more limited in applications. However, there are several applications in which inductors have no practical substitute. They are routinely used in relays, delays, sensing devices, pick-up heads, telephone circuits, radio and TV receivers, power supplies, electric motors, microphones, and loudspeakers, to mention a few. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

23. Introduction The term alternating indicates only that the waveform alternates between two prescribed levels in a set time sequence.

24. Sinusoidal AC Voltage Characteristics and Definitions Generation An ac generator (or alternator) powered by water power, gas, or nuclear fusion is the primary component in the energy-conversion process. The energy source turns a rotor (constructed of alternating magnetic poles) inside a set of windings housed in the stator (the stationary part of the dynamo) and will induce voltage across the windings of the stator. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

25. Sinusoidal AC Voltage Characteristics and Definitions Generation Wind power and solar power energy are receiving increased interest from various districts of the world. The turning propellers of the wind-power station are connected directly to the shaft of an ac generator. Light energy in the form of photons can be absorbed by solar cells. Solar cells produce dc, which can be electronically converted to ac with an inverter. A function generator, as used in the lab, can generate and control alternating waveforms. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

26. Sinusoidal AC Voltage Characteristics and Definitions Definitions Waveform: The path traced by a quantity, such as voltage, plotted as a function of some variable such as time, position, degree, radius, temperature and so on. Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted by the lowercase letters (e 1, e 2 ). Peak amplitude: The maximum value of the waveform as measured from its average (or mean) value, denoted by the uppercase letters E m (source of voltage) and V m (voltage drop across a load). MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

27. Sinusoidal AC Voltage Characteristics and Definitions Definitions Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a function as measured from zero-volt level. Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by E p-p or V p-p, the full voltage between positive and negative peaks of the waveform, that is, the sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks. Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually repeats itself after the same time interval. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

28. Sinusoidal AC Voltage Characteristics and Definitions Definitions Period (T): The time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic waveform (the period T 1 = T 2 = T 3 ), as long as successive similar points of the periodic waveform are used in determining T Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one period of time Frequency: (Hertz) the number of cycles that occur in 1 s MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

29. Amplitude PEAK AMPLITUDE PEAK-TO-PEAK AMPLITUDE MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

30. Instantaneous Value Instantaneous value or amplitude is the magnitude of the sinusoid at a point in time. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

31. Average Value The average value of a sinusoid signal is the integral of the sine wave over one full cycle. This is always equal to zero. ◦If the average of an ac signal is not zero, then there is a dc component known as a DC offset. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

32. Root Mean Square (RMS) Most equipment that measure the amplitude of a sinusoidal signal displays the results as a root mean square value. This is signified by the unit Vac or V RMS. ◦RMS voltage and current are used to calculate the average power associated with the voltage or current signal in one cycle. MATEEN YAQOOB DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE