1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 21, part 2 Blood Vessels and Circulation

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arterial blood pressure Maintains blood flow through capillary beds Rises during ventricular systole and falls during ventricular diastole Pulse is a rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies each heartbeat Pulse pressure = difference between systolic and diastolic pressures Mean arterial pressure (MAP) Arterial blood pressure

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.10 Figure 21.10 Pressures within the Cardiovascular System

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.10 Figure 21.10 Pressures within the Cardiovascular System

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flow of water and solutes from capillaries to interstitial space Plasma and interstitial fluid are in constant communication Assists in the transport of lipids and tissue proteins Accelerates the distribution of nutrients Carries toxins and other chemical stimuli to lymphoid tissues Capillary Exchange

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diffusion Filtration Hydrostatic pressure (CHP) Reabsorption Processes that move fluids across capillary walls

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.12 Capillary Filtration Figure 21.12

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.12 Capillary Filtration Figure 21.12

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (ICOP) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IHP) Forces acting across capillary walls

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Processes involved in filtration and reabsorption include Net hydrostatic pressure CHP - IHP Net colloid osmotic pressure BCOP - ICOP Filtration and reabsorption

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.13 Figure 21.13 Forces Acting across Capillary Walls

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Assisted by two processes Muscular compression The respiratory pump Venous pressure and venous return Animation: Factors that Affect Blood Pressure PLAY

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 21-3 Cardiovascular Regulation

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Autoregulation Neural mechanisms Endocrine mechanisms Cardiovascular Regulation

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Local vasodilators accelerate blood flow in response to: Decreased tissue O 2 levels or increased CO 2 levels Generation of lactic acid Release of nitric acid Rising K + or H + concentrations in interstitial fluid Local inflammation Elevated temperature Autoregulation of blood flow within tissues

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.14 Figure 21.14 Homeostatic Adjustments that Compensate for a Reduction in Blood Pressure and Blood Flow

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.14 Figure 21.14 Homeostatic Adjustments that Compensate for a Reduction in Blood Pressure and Blood Flow

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adjust CO and PR to maintain vital organ blood flow Medullary centers of regulatory activity include Cardiac centers Vasomotor centers control Vasoconstriction via adrenergic release of NE Vasodilation via direct or indirect release of NO Neural Mechanisms

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Baroreceptors reflexes monitor stretch Atrial baroreceptors monitor blood pressure Chemoreceptor reflexes monitor CO 2, O 2, or pH levels Reflex control of cardiovascular function Animation: Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics PLAY

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.15 Figure 21.15 Baroreceptor Reflexes of the Carotid and Aortic Sinuses

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.16 The Chemoreceptor Reflexes Figure 21.16

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Antidiuretic hormone – released in response to decreased blood volume Angiotensin II – released in response to a fall in blood pressure Erythropoietin – released if BP falls or O 2 levels are abnormally low Natriuretic peptides – released in response to excessive right atrial stretch Hormones and cardiovascular regulation

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.17a Figure 21.17 The Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 21.17b Figure 21.17 The Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume