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7 th Science Chapter 1
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Section 1: The Work of Science Types of Science 1. Earth science – atmosphere, solar system, geology (rock layers, volcanoes, etc.) 2. Life science – plants, animals, other living things 3. Physical science – matter and energy – chemistry and physics
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Critical Thinking Thinking in depth, trying to find an answer, separating important information from unimportant information
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Solving Problems Scientific Method -State the Problem -Gather Information 5 senses – taste, touch, smell, sight, hearing Make observations -Form a hypothesis A prediction about what you think will happen
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-Test hypothesis with an experiment You can only change one variable at a time! -Analyze data Set up charts, graphs, tables -Draw Conclusions Logical answer based on observations, data, and analysis Report Results Communication with other scientists
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Measuring with Scientific Units Scientists use the SI system (metric), based on units of 10. Length – meter (m) Volume – liter (L), centimeter cubed (cm3) Mass – gram (g)
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Safety Most important safety rule is ask your teacher before beginning anything.
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Section 2 Section 2 – Living Things An organism is any living thing, no matter how big or small Examples of nonliving things: water, air, sun, clouds Living things are organized Cell – smallest unit Tissues Organ Organ system (digestive, circulatory) Organism
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Some organisms are made up of only one cell, some have many cells. Living things react to their surroundings. Anything that causes some change in an organism is called a stimulus. The reaction to a stimulus is called a response. Stimuli is more than one stimulus
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Homeostasis – ability to keep a balance within the body no matter what conditions are outside the body. Living things use energy Plant – use the Sun’s energy to make their own food (photosynthesis) Humans – eating food
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Living things grow and develop Increase in the number and size of their cells. Living things reproduce Without reproduction the species would become extinct. Living things need a proper place to live. Raw materials – food, drink, oxygen
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Classifying Spontaneous Generation – old belief Biogenesis – New (current Belief) Spontaneous Generation – Life could arise from non- living materials. Biogenesis – Life can arise ONLY from Life Pasteur finally showed that living things do not come from nonliving things
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Classification Aristotle – was one of the first people to classify organisms Plant or Animal Linnaeus – simplified the system Still use Linnaeus’s system today Binomial Nomenclature – two-word name used to classify living things It minimizes confusion among scientists System provides information about the species Classifies organisms by traits and evolutionary histories
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Classification Based in LATIN Two Words ( Genus + Species or specific name) Capitalize ONLY the FIRST word – Genus) Second word is the Species (Not Capitalized ) Written in Italics or Underlined Scientific name for humans = Homo sapien Scientific name for wolf – Canus lupus
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An advantage of our scientific naming system is that biologists can communicate regardless of their native languages. Minimizes confusion
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Scientific names prevent confusion. Two different organisms can NOT have the same scientific name but they might have the same common name. The easiest and most efficient field guide to use to identify an organism would be a dichotomous key. The dichotomous key uses TWO paired descriptions at each step.
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The dichotomous key has three basic functions Avoids errors in communication It classifies organisms with similar evolutionary histories together. It gives descriptive information
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Classification divisions Kingdom Phylum ( Division- Plants) Class Order Family Genus Species - most inclusive / most similar
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Each level of classification is based on SHARED characteristics Family is made up of similar Order Class is made up of similar Phylum Species is made up of similar Genus Etc.. Broadest group – Kingdom Most Inclusive – Species Species - Organisms that are similar in structure and form and successfully reproduce among themselves.
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The Six Kingdoms The classification system most commonly used today separates organisms into six (6) Kingdoms Each level of classification contains all organisms that share the same characteristics
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6 - Kingdoms ArchaebacteriaEubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia
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Characteristics -Kingdoms Cell Type - Prokaryote or Eukaryote Body Form - Unicellular/ Multicellular /Both Food Getting - Heterotrophs / Autotrophs Complex organ systems - Yes / No
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Cell Type Prokaryote – No internal membrane bound organelles - No Nucleus Eukaryote – Has internal membrane bound organelles Archaebacteria - Proraryote Eubacteria - Prokaryote Protista – Eukaryote Fungi - Eukaryote Plantae - Eukaryote Animalia - Eukaryote
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Body Form Archaebacteria - Unicellular Eubacteria - Unicellular Protista – Both (Unicellular & Multicellular) Fungi - Both (Unicellular & Multicellular) Plantae - Multicellular Animalia - Multicellar
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Food Getting Method Archaebacteria – autotrophic (chemosynthesis) Eubacteria – both (autotrophic & Heterotrophic) Protista - both Fungi - Heterotrophic Planate – Autotrophic (Photosynthesis) Animalia – Heterotrophic Autotroph – makes own food Heterotroph – Consumes others
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Presence of Systems Archaebacteria - No Eubacteria - No Protista - No Fungi - No Plantae - Yes Animalia - Yes
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