1. Digital Image Processing Part 2 Contrast processing

2. Brightness and Contrast Grey scale and histogram of pixel values

3. Dark and Light Images

4. Low Contrast To lighten or darken, shift the distribution left or right To increase contrast, stretch the distribution over a wider range

5. Good Contrast Almost full dynamic range used. Could contrast stretch slightly

6. Point process contrast

7. Contrast stretch Histogram towards right so bright Width narrow so low contrast

8. Contrast stretch result

9. Contrast stretch limitations Subjective so needs human judgment Best enhancement not always linear May need to do brightness shift first Sometimes need an automated method Can be slow if each point is calculated so use look-up table to speed-up processing

10. Histogram equalisation Simple image with up to 10 brightness levels Plot histogram 56445 66567 47545 54446 36553 54565

11. Process Determine the frequency of each pixel level –i.e. distribution as on histogram Determine the cumulative frequency –How many pixels at level n plus all previous levels Determine new mapping function Map old values to new values using the new mapping function

12. Mapping function

13. Worked Example LevelFreq 00 10 20 32 48 511 67 72 80 90 Count the number of pixels at each level and create a frequency column

14. LevelFreqCum Freq 000 100 200 322 4810 51121 6728 7230 80 90 Cumulative frequency is the sum of the pixels at the current level and all previous levels

15. Use formula to create new mapping function LevelFreq Cum FreqF(g) 0000 1000 2000 3220 48102 511216 67288 72309 80 9 90 9

16. New Mapping Function

17. New Pixel Levels LevelFreqCFrqF(g)New 00002 10000 20008 32200 481020 5112160 6728811 723090 80 97 90 92 Old levels (Level) are converted to new levels (F(g)) New histogram plotted from new distribution (New)

18. Histogram comparison

19. New Picture 68226 88689 29626 62228 08660 62686

20. Does not need human intervention so can be used in systems which need automatic image enhancement Sometimes it makes a good job but not always –It will improve contrast for imaging systems but may not always produce an image which is pleasing to the eye Advantages and Disadvantages