1. II.Classification of Matter Matter is classified on the basis of its characteristics and properties. Many forms of matter but all classified into one of two major categories: Pure Substance or Mixture We tell the difference by if they can be separated physically

2. A.Pure Substance – matter with a fixed composition and definite (same) properties  Every sample has same composition(every sample has same ratio of atoms)  Every sample has same characteristics  Cannot be broken down by physical actions such as boiling or melting; only by decomposition reactions Ex: Hydrogen, Helium, Carbon, Gold Ex of compounds: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, pure water and table salt (sodium chloride ).

3.  Can be an element or a compound If the substance CAN be separated by chemically into simpler compounds or elements, it is a compound. Ex: H 2 O, NaCl (table salt) If it can NOT be separated chemically, then it is an element. Ex: Helium, Carbon

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5. Ex: Is grape juice a mixture or pure substance? In chemistry grape juice is not a pure substance. It is a mixture of many pure substances like water, sugars, and acids. It can be physically separated.

6. B. Mixture – a combination of more than one kind of matter physically combined (NOT chemically)  Each kind of matter retains its identity and properties; mixture is combination of the properties of the components  Parts can be in any proportion, but must be specified Ex: 4% sodium solution 7% sodium solution  A chemical reaction does NOT occur Ex: sand and sugar sugar and water

7. Mixtures can be broken down by physical actions. Common physical actions are: evaporation* (common for separating water out of a mixture) filtration centrifugation magnetism chromatography distillation decantation extraction recrystallization

8. 8 Separation by filtration. A mixture of a solid and a liquid is poured through a porous medium, in this case filter paper. The liquid passes through the paper while the solid remains on the paper.

9. 9 A simple apparatus for the separation of a sodium chloride solution (salt water) into its components. Boiling the solution evaporates the water, which is condensed, then collected in the receiving flask. After all the water has boiled away, pure sodium chloride remains in the boiling flask.

10. 10 Separation of ink into components by paper chromatography. (a) Water begins to move up the paper. (b) Water moves past the ink spot, dissolving different components of the ink at different rates. (c) Water has separated the ink into its several different components.

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12. 1.Homogeneous Mixtures  Same composition and properties throughout  Known as solutions when one part dissolves into another part ex: salt with water brass – mix of copper and zinc

13. Solutions can NOT be separated by filtration Solution Parts: Solvent – does the dissolving Solute – substance dissolved (lesser quantity) Solutions exist as any combination of solids, liquids or gasses

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15. 2.Heterogeneous Mixtures  do not have uniform or consistent composition; uneven distribution  all parts are NOT the same ex: sand and water

16. Chicken noodle soup – every spoonful is different

17. Raisen Bran Cereal © – every spoonful is different

18. Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures a) suspension – particles are so large they will settle out (due to gravity) unless constantly stirred. Particles can be filtered out Ex: Mud in water

19. 19 Muddy water after settling Muddy water

20. b) colloids– particles are intermediate in size (between solutions and suspension) do not dissolve do not settle out look homogeneous to the naked eye but are heterogeneous non uniform arrangement colloidal particles pass through filters too small for light microscope but larger than atoms Ex: mayonnaise, milk or jello (do not need to shake)

21. 21 (a) Milk consists of visible particles in a non uniform arrangement. (b) Salt water is an example of a homogeneous mixture. Ions and water molecules are in a Sodium uniform arrangement.

25. 3. Miscible vs. Immiscible Pertains to liquid mixtures miscible – 2 or more liquids that are able to dissolve into each other in various proportions immiscible – liquids that do not mix into each other

27. MATTER Can it be physically separated? Homogeneous Mixture (solution) Heterogeneous MixtureCompoundElement MIXTURE – physically combined PURE SUBSTANCE yesno Can it be chemically decomposed? noyes Is the composition uniform? noyes ColloidsSuspensions Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem Immiscible Miscible