1. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE1 THE HUBERT KAIRUKI MEMORIAL UNIVESITY. FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE AND MEDICAL ETHICS. TOPIC: CONSCIOUSNESS IN BEHAVIORAL CHANGE STRATEGIES PRESENTERS: ISACK SUGA, STELLA N. TEMU,OSAMA MOHAMMED NASSORO,MARIAM HABIBU CHAMVUA, SAID JUMANNE, IBRAHIM RAJAB, KAVUBA NTAYABA, SCHOLAR NDIMBO, ANNETH MBEYELE, MARCELINA RWEGASIRA FACILITATOR: DR. ISACK LEMA DATE: 25 TH JANUARY 2015

2.  Understanding the meaning of Consciousness  Variation in consciousness  Basic characteristics of consciousness  Measuring state of consciousness 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE2 Learning Objectives

3. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE3 CONTENTS  Introduction  Objective  Definition of key words  Main discussion  Summary  Conclusion  Recommendation  References

4. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE4 Introduction FIGURE 1.0 Gordon Gallup (1970) exposed four chimps to a mirror. By day three they used it to inspect hard-to-see parts of their own bodies and began making odd faces at themselves in the mirror. To further test whether the chimps knew the mirror image was their own reflection, Gordon anaesthetized them and put a red mark on their faces. Later, with no mirror, the chimps rarely touched the red mark. But upon seeing it when a mirror was introduced, they touched the red spot on their face almost 30 times in 30 minutes, suggesting that the chimps had some self-awareness. Using a similar test in which a red rouge mark is placed on the tip of the infant’s nose, researchers find that infants begin to recognize themselves in a mirror around 18 months of age.

5. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE5 Case study In the early morning of May 24, 1987, Ken Parks left his home in the Toronto area and drove 23 km to the house where his in-laws lived. He then proceeded to kill his mother-in-law with a kitchen knife and seriously injure his father-in-law. Mr. Parks then drove to a nearby police station where he turned himself in, telling police that he had, in fact, just killed two people. At the trial, Parks entered a plea of “not guilty,” arguing that he was completely unaware of what had happened because he was sleepwalking at the time. He claimed he had always been a deep sleeper and that his family suffered from a variety of sleep disorders. In addition, the previous year had been particularly stressful for him and his personal life had suffered greatly. After hearing all the evidence (including expert testimony), the jury acquitted Mr. Parks on the charge of first degree murder and later on a charge of second degree murder. The trial judge also handed down a not guilty verdict on a charge of attempted murder. All acquittals were upheld by the appeal court.

6. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE6 Nature of consciousness Philosopher David Chalmers (1995) notes that “Conscious experience is at once the most familiar thing in the world and the most mysterious.” As we shall see, its mysteries span a range from normal waking states to sleep and dreams, drug-induced experiences, hypnosis, and beyond. When psychology was founded in the late 1800s, its “Great Project” was to scientifically unravel some of the puzzles of consciousness (Natsoulas, 1999). This interest waned during behaviourism’s dominance in the mid-20th century, but resurgence of the cognitive and biological perspectives has sparked new research, forcing us to rethink long-standing conceptions about the mind (Figure 2.). FIGURE 2: The mysteries of consciousness have intrigued scholars for ages.

7. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE7 The Nature of Consciousness  What is consciousness?  Your awareness of external events  your awareness of internal sensations  your awareness of yourself as a unique being having experiences  your awareness of your thoughts about these experiences  The critical element in consciousness is awareness!

8. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE8 Variations in Consciousness  Levels of awareness  Consciousness is not all-or-none  Awake  Sleep  Anesthesia  Coma  Persistent Vegetative State  Death

9. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE9 Definitions of Death  As little as 50 years ago, people were considered “dead” when their heartbeat & breathing stopped.  Brain Death  total unawareness of externally applied stimuli  no movements or breathing during a period of at least one hour  no reflexes  flat EEG (no brain waves)EEG

10. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE10 The Electroencephalograph: A Physiological Index of Consciousness  EEG – monitoring of brain electrical activity  Brain-waves  Amplitude (height)  Frequency (cycles per second)  Beta (13-24 cps)  Alpha (8-12 cps)  Theta (4-7 cps)  Delta (<4 cps)

11. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE11

12. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE12 Characteristics of Consciousness Subjective and private. Other people cannot directly know what reality is for you, nor can you enter directly into their experience. As the author Charles Dickens observed, “Every human creature is constituted to be that profound secret and mystery to every other.”

13. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE13 Characteristics of Consciousness…. Dynamic (ever-changing). We drift in and out of various states throughout each day. Although the stimuli of which we are aware constantly change, we typically experience consciousness as a continuously flowing “stream” of mental activity, rather than as disjointed perceptions and thoughts (James, 1890/1950).

14. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE14 Characteristics of Consciousness…. Self-reflective and central to our sense of self. The mind is aware of its own consciousness. Thus, no matter what your awareness is focused on—a lovely sunset or an itch on your back—you can reflect upon the fact that “you” are the one who is conscious of it.

15. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE15 Measuring state of Consciousness Scientists who study consciousness must find ways to operationally define private inner states in terms of measurable responses. The most common Measure are:

16. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE16 Measuring state of Consciousness Self-report, In which people describe their inner experiences. Self reports offer the most direct insight into a person’s subjective experiences, but they are not always verifiable.

17. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE17 Measuring state of Consciousness Physiological measures establish the correspondence between bodily states and mental processes. For example, EEG recordings of brain activity help identify different stages of sleep throughout the night. Physiological measures are objective, but cannot tell us what a person is experiencing subjectively.

18. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE18 Behavioural measures Also are used, including performance on special tasks such as the rouge test (Figure 1.0). Behavioural measures are objective, but we still must infer the person’s (or chimp’s) state of mind. Measuring state of Consciousness

19.  Consciousness refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations and environment.  Your conscious experiences are constantly shifting and changing. For example, in one moment you may be focused on reading this article. Your consciousness may then shift to the memory of a conversation you had earlier with a co-worker. Next, you might notice how uncomfortable your chair is, or maybe you are mentally planning dinner.  This ever-shifting stream of thoughts can change dramatically from one moment to the next, but your experience of it seems smooth and effortless. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE19 Summary

20.  Consciousness make people be as their, through the study of it, medical personnel can make more studies on the human behaviour.  But also its difficult to measure the extent of consciousness of an individual though some methods given out can assist in measurement. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE20 Conclusion

21. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE21 recommendation

22.  Consciousness has bond with brain, and all processes of consciousness centrally performed by the brain.  Through this bond lead consciousness have a great influences on the behavioural change of an individual and the study of behavioural changes go direct with awareness of a person. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE22 recommendation

23.  “Lecture Notes on Behavioural Sciences” by A.C.P Sinus & W.I Humes  “Paser 1 Sample, chapter 5, States of Consciousness” by Sharon Begley  A Theory of Consciousness, Giorgio Marchetti, University of Urbino  Behavioural sciences books. 25/Jan/2016BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE23 References