1. How are powers divided in the government (executive)?

2. Systems of government  Types of government: - parliamentary government - presidential system - mixed presidential/parliamentary system

3. Systems of government  Head of state and government: - president and government are separated - king and government are separated - king and ministers form government - president is not separated from government

4. Systems of government  Principles of government structure: - leadership - collective responsibility - individual responsibility

5. Systems of government  Powers of the government: - executing laws - government regulations - government policy - initiating bills - appointment of civil servants - foreign affairs - war powers

6. Netherlands - art. 42.1: The government shall comprise the King and the ministers. - art. 42.2: The King is inviolable; the ministers are responsible. - art. 44.1: Ministries shall be established by Roal decree. They shall be headed by a minister. - art. 45.1: The ministers shall together constitute the council of ministers. - art. 45.2: The prime minister shall preside over the council of ministers. - art. 45.3: The Council of ministers shall consider and decide upon general government policies and promote its coherence. - art. 47: All Acts of parliament and Royal Decrees shall be signed by the King and by one or more ministers.

7. Federal republic of Germany art. 65:The Federal Chancellor shall determine and be responsible for the general guidelines of policy. Within these limits each Federal Minister shall conduct the affairs of his department independently and on his own responsibility. The Federal Government shall resolve differences of opinion between Federal Ministers. The Federal Chancellor shall conduct the proceedings of the Federal Government in accordance with rules of procedure adopted by the Government and approved by the Federal President. art 63.1: The Federal Chancellor shall be elected by the Bundestag without debate on the proposal of the Federal President. - art. 64: Federal Ministers shall be appointed and dismissed by the Federal President upon the proposal of the Federal Chancellor.

8. USA  Article II section 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. Section 2: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

9. USA  article II section 3: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

10. France - art.5: The President of the Republic shall ensure due respect for the Constitution. He shall ensure, by his arbitration, the proper functioning of the public authorities and the continuity of the State. - art. 8: The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister. He shall terminate the appointment of the Prime Minister when the latter tenders the resignation of the Government. On the recommendation of the Prime Minister, he shall appoint the other members of the Government and terminate their appointments. - art. 9: The President of the Republic shall preside over the Council of Ministers. - art. 20: The Government shall determine and conduct the policy of the Nation. - art.21: The Prime Minister shall direct the actions of the Government. He shall be responsible for national defence. He shall ensure the implementation of legislation. Subject to article 13, he shall have power to make regulations and shall make appointments to civil and military posts.