1. Intro to microbes and History of Microbiology

2. III. What are Microbes (Microorganisms) A
III. What are Microbes (Microorganisms) A. Living things seen only with magnification. B. Examples 1. All Bacteria + All Viruses + All Protozoa 2. Some Fungi + Some Algae + Some Animals

3. Organisms included in the study of Microbiology
1. Bacteria Bacteriology
2. Protozoans Protozoology
3. Algae Phycology
4. Parasites Parasitology
5. Yeasts and Molds Mycology
Fungi
6. Viruses Virology

4. Bacteria - what comes to mind?
Diseases
Infections
Epidemics
Food Spoilage
Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human diseases
About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases
95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens

5. Uses of Microbes Benefit Humans
1.Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environment (sewage treatment plants)
2. Microbes produce various food products
cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olives
yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread
Beer, Wine, Alcohol

6. 3. Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics Mold
4. Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs, but cannot synthesize
Example: E. coli
B vitamins - for metabolism
Vitamin K - blood clotting
Escherichia coli
Dr. Escherich
Colon (intestine)

7. 5. Biochemistry and Metabolism
Very simple structure
rapid rate of reproduction
provides “instant” data
6. Microbial antagonism
Our normal microbial flora prevents potential pathogens from gaining access to our body

8. Using bacteria to control the growth of insects Bacillus thuringiensis
7. Insect Pest Control
Using bacteria to control the growth of insects
Bacillus thuringiensis
caterpillars
bollworms
corn borers
8. Bioremediation
Exxon Valdez

9. 9. Recombinant DNA Technology, Gene Therapy, Genetic Engineering
Bacteria can be manipulated to produce enzymes and proteins they normally would not produce
Insulin
Human Growth Hormone
Interferon
10. Food Chains
Marine and fresh water microorganisms

10. Microbes do benefit us, but they are also capable of causing many diseases
Pneumonia Whooping Cough
Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles
Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps
Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1
Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2
Meningitis Tetanus RMSV
Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene

11. IV. Pros and Cons of Microbes A
IV. Pros and Cons of Microbes A. Cons = Some spoil food – some pathogenic (cause disease or infection).

12. B. Pros = Decompose-medicines-digestion-bioremediation-Food/Alcohol.

13. A. 1590 – Janssen – makes first Compound Microscope. B
A – Janssen – makes first Compound Microscope. B – Hooke – uses 1st compound microscope to see Cork Cells.

14. C. 1676 – Leeuwenhoek – see living cells with simple scope.
First to see microbes

15. D Edward Jenner
successfully vaccinated a boy against smallpox in
milkmaids exposed to cowpox never developed the serious smallpox
hypothesized that exposure to cowpox led to protection against smallpox
he inoculated James Phipps first with cowpox material, and later with smallpox- causing material
The boy did not get smallpox.

16. No one connected germs w/ disease yet
E Ignaz Semmelweis
No one connected germs w/ disease yet
Puerperal fever “childbirth fever” caused 25-30% mortality
2 Observations
Medical Students working on cadavers moved from the dissecting room to the maternity ward
Midwives - Stayed only in maternity ward
Ordered students to wash hands and medical instruments in chlorinated lime
Mortality 19

17. F. Cohn – Discovered heat – resistant bacterial endospores.
classified bacteria into 4 groups based on shape
*Sterile = free of all life forms
G – Lister – defines Aseptic – techniques which reduce microbes in medical settings.

18. Aseptic - Sterile

19. Fermentation mediated by yeast, not air
H – 1885 Pasteur
1. Biogenesis
2. Pasteurization
Fermentation mediated by yeast, not air
Pasteurization to prevent wine and beer spoilage
3. Anthrax vaccine
4. Develops vaccine for Rabies in 1885

20. I. 1881-1884 – TB + Kochs Postulates 1st to prove that bacteria actually caused diseases

21. Koch’s Postulates
1. The same organisms must be found in all cases of a given disease.
2. Organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. The isolated organism must reproduce the same disease when inoculated into another animal
4. The original organism must again be isolated from the experimentally infected animal.

22. Salvarsan (arsenic derivative) Preparation 606 Syphilis
J Paul Ehrlich 
Chemotherapy-Treatment using chemical substances
Magic bullet”
Salvarsan (arsenic derivative)
Preparation 606
Syphilis

23. L. 1892 Dmitri Ivanovski - Discovered viruses
K Petri – Petri dish
Worked in Koch’s lab
L Dmitri Ivanovski - Discovered viruses 
M Fleming – Discovered Penicillin

24. M. 1953 Watson & Crick – Discovered structure of DNA.
N Jonas Salk – Polio Vaccine

25. Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 - 1914
Pasteur
Pasteurization
Fermentation
Joseph Lister
Phenol to treat surgical wounds – 1st attempt to control infections caused by microoganisms
Robert Koch
Koch’s Postulates
Edward Jenner
vaccination
Paul Erlich
1st synthetic drug used to treat infections
Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis
“salvation” from Syphilis

26. VII. Microbial Taxonomy A. Refer to pages 284-291