1. Atoms & Life Substances Section 6.1 & 6.3

2. Biology 10/22/13 Mrs. Turgeon  “Our lives are not determined by what happens to us but how we react to what happens, not by what life brings us but the attitude we bring to life.”- Wade Boggs DO NOW:  In your notes: Describe one difference and one similarity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

3. Biology 10/22/13 Mrs. Turgeon AGENDA:  1. Understand the basic structure of biomolecules by taking notes and using the text book. REMINDERS:  1. Science Club meeting is today! After school, room 312  2. Extra Credit opportunity! We need science fair judges!

4. Atoms & Life Substances 1.You need one textbook for every two students. 2.You will be taking notes from the screen and using your textbook

5. Atomic Structure  Nucleus = center of an atom, contains protons (p+ positively charged) and neutrons (nº neutral)  Electrons (eˉ) are negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus  Atoms are neutral because they contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

6. Atomic Structure (p.142) Use your textbook to answer the following question. Write the answer in your notes. Be ready to share your answers. 1.Look at table 6.1. Which 2 elements are the most abundant in the human body?

7. Atomic Structure(p. 142) Element Symbol % by mass in human body Oxygen O 65.0 Carbon C 18.5 Hydrogen H 9.5 Nitrogen N 3.3

8. Life Substances (p. 158) Use your textbook to answer the following question. Write the answer in your notes. Be ready to share your answers. 1. What is a polymer?

9.  Organic Compounds = contain carbon, all biomolecules are organic  Monomer = a building block, smaller subunits  Polymer = made up of lots of monomer subunits

10. Biomolecules  These are the molecules required by living things  1. Carbohydrates  2. Lipids (fats)  3. Proteins  4. Nucleic Acids (There are other types of molecules too!!!)

11. 1.CARBOHYDRATES (p.158)  Source of energy  Structural materials  Monosaccharides & Polysaccharides

12. Monosaccharide Carbs  They’re Monomers  Glucose = main source of energy for cells, diabetics need to monitor glucose levels

13. Polysaccharide Carbs  Polysaccharide = 3 or more monosaccharides  Glycogen = how animals store glucose  Starch = how plants store glucose  Cellulose = polysaccharide, provides plants with structure

14. The structure of carbohydarates(p. 159) Use your textbook to answer the following question. Write the answer in your notes. Be ready to share your answers. 1. Look at figure 6.19. What are some similarities and differences between these polysaccharides?

15. 2. LIPIDS (p. 160)  Insoluble = Don’t dissolve in water  Best for storing energy  Insulation, protective coverings  Major part of cell membranes 

16. Saturated & Unsaturated Fats  Saturated Fat = found in butter, red meat (solid at room temperature), saturated with hydrogen  Unsaturated Fat = vegetable fats (liquid at room temperature)

17. Phospholipids  Cell membranes made up of two layers of phospholipids, forms a barrier  Keeps things that are supposed to be out, out of the cell  Keeps things that are supposed to be in, in the cell  2 fatty acids attached to glycerol, and a phosphate group Phosphate Lipids

18. 3. PROTEINS (p. 161)  Hair, horns, nails, skin, muscle  Act as biological catalysts (enyzmes) which help to kick start reactions in the body

19. 3. PROTEINS (p.161) Use your textbook to answer the following question. Write the answer in your notes. Be ready to share your answers. 1. What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

20. Amino Acids  Protein monomer  20 different amino acids  Peptide Bond = connects amino acids  http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/aminocon. html http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/aminocon. html http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/aminocon. html  Polypeptide = long chain of amino acids

21. Enzymes  Enzymes change the rate of reactions in the body  Help cells reproduce, digest food, get rid of waste, make new biomolecules  Active Site = a section of the enzyme shaped to fit a specific substrate  Substrate = something that’s being broken apart or made (catalyzed)  http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activit y.html http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activit y.html http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activit y.html  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes _work.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes _work.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes _work.html

22. 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS(p. 163) Use your textbook to answer the following question. Write the answer in your notes. Be ready to share your answers. 1. What do nucleic acids store?

23. 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS(p. 163)  Store and transfer information in the cell  Nucleotide = monomer of nucleic acids  2 kinds of nucleic acid polymers:  DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid  RNA = ribonucleic acid

24. Practice  What percent of your body is made of water?  Explain why a cell needs a structure that helps it maintain water levels inside? What could happen to the cell if this structure wasn’t working properly?

25. Other types of LIPIDS besides fats…  Wax  Structural  Makes a coat on plants for water proofing  Steroids  Hormones that cause physical changes in the body