1. © 2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved Schmalleger, Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 10e Chapter 4 Policing: Purpose and Organization 1

2. © 2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Explain a typical law enforcement organizational structure. Identify the 3 major levels of public police in the United States. Explain the police mission in the United States. Describe the historical evolution of policing in the United States CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

3. © 2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All Rights Reserved CHAPTER OBJECTIVES, continued 4.5 Describe community policing and evidence based policing. 4.6 Define and explain police discretion

4. Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 4.1 Explain the police mission in the United States.

5. The Police Mission 4.1 Provide the community with needed enforcement- related services Provide the community with needed enforcement- related services Prevent crime Apprehend offenders who participate in crime Enforce the laws of the society of which the police are a part Basic purposes of policing Preserve domestic peace and tranquility Preserve domestic peace and tranquility

6. The Police Mission 6 Enforcing the law –Not the only job of the police –Majority of time is spent answering nonemergency public service calls –Only about 10% to 20% of all calls involve situations that actually require a law enforcement response –Police cannot enforce all laws –Police tend to tailor enforcement efforts to meet the concerns of the populace they serve 4.1

7. The Police Mission 7 Apprehending offenders –Many offenders are only caught as the result of extensive police work involving investigation 4.1

8. The Police Mission 8 Preventing crime –Anticipating, recognizing, and appraising a crime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it –Techniques and programs Techniques include access control, surveillance, theft-deterrent devices, CPTED –Prevention programs are organized efforts that focus resources on reducing a specific form of criminal threat Target school-based crime, gang activity, drug abuse, violence, domestic abuse Neighborhood Watch, Crime Stoppers USA 4.1

9. The Police Mission 9 Preserving the peace –Focus on quality-of-life offenses as crime- reduction and peacekeeping strategy A minor violation of the law that demoralizes community residents and businesspeople Involve acts that create physical disorder or that reflect social decay –Restore a sense of order, reduce the fear of crime, and lessen the number of serious crimes that occur –Broken windows model of policing 4.1

10. The Police Mission 10 Providing services –Calls received by 911 operators are prioritized and then relayed to patrol officers, specialized field units, or other emergency personnel 4.1

11. Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 4.2 Identify the 3 major levels of public police in the United States.

12. American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local Level 12 Federal agencies State agencies Local agencies 4.2

13. American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local Level 4.2 13 Fusion Centers New concept in policing A multiagency law enforcement facility designed to enhance cooperative efforts through a coordinated process for collecting, sharing, and analyzing information in order to develop actionable intelligence

14. Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 4.3 Explain a typical law enforcement organizational structure.

15. Police Administration 15 4.3 Police management –T–The administrative activities of controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities

16. Police Organization and Structure 4.3 Line Operations Field or supervisory activities directly related to daily police work Staff Operations Provide support for line operations 16

17. Police Administration 4.3 Span of Control The number of police personnel or the number of units supervised by a particular officer Span of Control The number of police personnel or the number of units supervised by a particular officer Unity of Command Every individual officer has only one supervisor Unity of Command Every individual officer has only one supervisor Chain of Command The unbroken line of authority that extends through all levels of an organization, from the highest to the lowest Chain of Command The unbroken line of authority that extends through all levels of an organization, from the highest to the lowest

18. Which of the following is a function of centralized state police agencies? 1. Patrol the state highways 2.Provide select training for municipal and county officers 3.Maintain a centralized criminal records repository 4. All of the above

19. Which is the term for a multiagency law enforcement facility designed to enhance cooperative efforts through a coordinated process for collecting, sharing, and analyzing information? 1.Fusion center 2.Storefront office 3.Evidence-based policing 4.Police-community relations

20. In police organizations, what are the field or supervisory activities directly related to day-to-day police work?. 1.Staff operations 2.Fusion center 3.Line operations 4.Chain of command

21. Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 4.4 Describe the historical evolution of policing in the United States

22. Made its appearance only recently and is still evolving Secure the homeland Continues to characterize much of contemporary policing today Stresses the service role of police officers and envisions a partnership between the police agencies and their communities Historical Developments in American Policing 4.4 The New Era 2001-Today The New Era 2001-Today The Community Policing Era 1970s- Today The Community Policing Era 1970s- Today The Reform Era 1930-1970s The Reform Era 1930-1970s The Political Era 1840s-1930 The Political Era 1840s-1930 Close ties between police and public officials Police tended to serve the interests of powerful politicians and their cronies

23. Historical Developments in American Policing 4.4 The Watchman Style of Policing Primarily concerned with order maintenance Control illegal and disruptive behavior Considerable use of discretion Characteristic of lower-class communities Characteristic of the political era

24. Historical Developments in American Policing 4.4 The Legalistic Style of Policing Enforce the letter of the law Routinely avoid community disputes arising from violations of social norms that do not break the law Hands-off approach to behaviors that are simply bothersome Characteristic of the reform era

25. Historical Developments in American Policing 4.4 The Service Style of Policing Meet the needs of the community More likely to refer citizens to community resources than are other types of agencies Police see themselves more as helpers than as soldiers in a “war on crime” Common today

26. Knowledge Check Question!!! 4.4 During which policing era did police gain pride in their profession and focus on “traditional” crime-fighting ? 1.The new era 2.The community era 3.The reform era 4.The political era

27. Knowledge Check Question!!! 4.4 Intelligence-led policing is part of which policing era? 1.The new era 2.The community era 3.The reform era 4.The political era

28. Knowledge Check Question!!! 4.4 Which style of policing is marked with a concern for order maintenance? 1.Legalistic style 2.Service style 3.Watchman style 4.Political style

29. Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 4.5 Describe community policing and evidence based policing.

30. Police-Community Relations (PCR) 4.5 An area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police to work together effectively An area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police to work together effectively Based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve Based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve Represents a movement away from an exclusive police emphasis on the apprehension of law violators and increasing the level of positive police-citizen interaction Represents a movement away from an exclusive police emphasis on the apprehension of law violators and increasing the level of positive police-citizen interaction

31. Police-Community Relations 4.5 31 Three generic kinds of “corporate strategies” guide American policing

32. Police-Community Relations 32 4.5 Strategic policing –Something of a holdover from the reform era –Emphasizes increased capacity to deal with crimes that are not well controlled by other methods –Makes use of innovative enforcement techniques

33. Police-Community Relations 33 4.5 Problem-solving policing –Crimes are caused by existing social conditions –Makes use of community resources –Attempts to involve citizens in crime prevention through education, negotiation, and conflict management –Gives recognition to service style of policing

34. Police-Community Relations 34 4.5 Community policing –A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques –Goes beyond strategic policing and problem-solving policing –Seeks to actively involve the community in crime control –Community policing is a two-way street

35. Knowledge Check Question!!! 4.5 Police-community relations programs represented a movement away from an exclusive police emphasis on the apprehension of law violators, and meant increasing the level of positive police-citizen interactions. 1.True 2.False

36. Knowledge Check Question!!! 4.5 Community policing involves which of the following elements? 1.Reorientation of patrol activities 2.Increased police accountability to the public 3.Decentralization of command 4.All of the above are involved in community policing

37. Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 4.6 Define and explain police discretion

38. The exercise of choice in the decisions to investigate or apprehend, the disposition of suspects, carrying out of official duties, and the application of sanctions Patrolling officers often decide against a strict enforcement of the law, preferring instead to handle situations informally Discretion and the Individual Officer 4.6 Police Discretion 38