1. DECLINE & FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

2. I. CENTURY OF CRISIS A. INTRODUCTION 1. PAX ROMANA BEGINS DECLINE BEGAN AT END OF GOOD EMPERORS 2. BEGINNING OF PERIOD OF CIVIL WAR

3. …INTRO 3. DID NOT KNOW HOW TO COPE WITH CRISIS

4. B. ROME’S ECONOMY WEAKENS 1. PAX ROMANA a) PERIOD OF GOOD TRADE b) INCREASED WEALTH FROM GOLD AND SILVER c) GREW ENOUGH FOOD

5. 2. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS a) TRADE DISRUPTED BY INVASION b) LIMITED EXPANSION = FEWER SOURCES OF GOLD c) WEALTHY SPENT MONEY ON LUXURY GOOD OUTSIDE OF EMPIRE

6. …ECONOMY d) RESULTED IN LACK OF GOLD & SILVER

7. 3. ATTEMPTED SOLUTIONS a) RAISED TAXES b) COINS MINTED WITH LESS METAL

8. …SOLUTIONS c) INFLATION (1) DECREASE IN VALUE OF MONEY (2) INCREASE IN PRICE OF GOODS

9. 4. CAUSES FOR FOOD SHORTAGE a) OVERWORKED SOIL b) HIGHER TAXES LED TO FEWER FARMS c) WAR DESTROYED FARM LAND

10. C. MILITARY & POLITICAL PROBLEMS 1. INVASIONS a) GERMANIC TRIBES FROM NORTH b) PERSIA IN EAST

11. 2. ARMY a) SOLDIERS LESS LOYAL & DISCIPLINED b) CIVIL WAR FOR CONTROL OF ROME c) USE OF MERCENARIES

12. D. ROMAN POLITICS 1. CITIZENS LESS PATRIOTIC 2. POLITICAL OFFICE BECAME COSTLY

13. E. MORAL DECAY 1. PEOPLE LOST FAITH IN ROMAN GOVERNMENT & FAMILY 2. TURNED TO CHURCH FOR LEADERSHIP

14. II. EMPEROR’S ATTEMPTED REFORMS A. DIOCLETIAN 1. REFORMS a) INCREASED SIZE OF ARMIES b) SET FIXED PRICES FOR GOODS

15. …REFORMS c) FARMERS HAD TO REMAIN OF FARMS (FEUDALISM) d) WORKERS REMAINED IN JOBS e) CLAIMED DESCENT FROM THE GODS

16. 2. DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE a) DIVIDED EAST = GREEK WEST = LATIN b) DIOCLETIAN RULED EAST c) EASTERN PART WEALTHIEST

18. 3. RESULTS a) SLOWED DECLINE b) CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT UPON DEATH

19. B. CONSTANTINE MOVES CAPITOL 1. GAINED CONTROL OF WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE 312 A.D. 2. RESTORED EMPIRE 324 A.D.

20. …CONSTANTINE 3. BYZANTIUM a) MOVED CAPITOL TO BYZANTIUM b) LOCATED ON BOSPHORUS STRAIT

21. …CONSTANTINE c) SHIFTED POWER CENTER FORM ROME d) CITY RENAMED CONSTANTINOPLE

23. III. WESTERN EMPIRE CRUMBLES A. INTRODUCTION 1. CAUSES FOR FALL a) INTERNAL PROBLEMS b) SEPARATION FROM EASTERN EMPIRE c) OUTSIDE INVASION

24. 2. GERMANIC TRIBES a) SETTLED ON NORTHERN BORDER b) ADOPTED ROMAN CULTURE c) OVERWHELMED & CONQUERED W. ROME

25. d. TRIBES (1) OSTROGOTHS (2) VISIGOTHS (3) ANGLES (4) SAXONS (5) VANDALS (6) FRANKS(7) MAGYARS

27. B. HUNS 1. FORCED GERMANIC TRIBES INTO W. ROME 2. CONQUERED ASIA & EASTERN EUROPE

28. C. GERMANIC INVASION 1. VANDALS a) INVADED ROME FLEEING HUNS b) MIGRATED THROUGH ROMAN PROVINCES TO N. AFRICA (CARTHAGE)

29. …VANDALS c) ROME UNABLE TO STOP INVASION

31. 2. VISIGOTHS a) LED BY ALERIC b) INVADED LOOTED CITY OF ROME

33. D. ATTILA THE HUN 1. DIRECT THREAT a) UNITED UNDER ATTILA b) ATTACKED BOTH PARTS OF EMPIRE c) FAILED TO ENTER CONSTANTINOPLE

35. 2. HUNS IN THE WEST a) ADVANCED AGAINST ROME b) WEAKENED BY FAMINE & DISEASE c) WITHDREW AFTER NEGOTIATION WITH LEO I d) GERMANIC INVASIONS CONTINUED

37. 3. EFFECT ON ROME a) ROME LEFT IN FAMINE b) POPULATION DECREASED TO 20,000

38. E. AN EMPIRE NO MORE 1. AUGUSTULUS a) LAST EMPEROR SENT INTO EXILE b) NO MORE EMPERORS FOR WESTERN EMPIRE

41. 2. EASTERN EMPIRE a) BECAME BYZANTINE EMPIRE b) PRESERVED GREEK & ROMAN CULTURE c) FELL IN 1453 TO OTTOMAN TURKS

43. IV. LEGACY OF GRECO- ROMAN CIVILIZATION A. INTRODUCTION 1. GREEK LEADERSHIP IN CULTURAL ADVANCES a) ROMANS LEARNED GREEK LANGUAGE

44. …INFLUENCE b) GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE - MIX OF GREEK, ROMAN, & HELLENISTIC CULTURE

45. B. ROMAN FINE ARTS 1. CHANGES TO GREEK SCULPTURE a) REALISTIC PORTRAITS b) PRACTICAL IN PURPOSE USED FOR EDUCATION

46. 2. BAS-RELIEF a) IMAGES PROJECTED FROM FLAT BACKGROUND b) USED TO TELL STORIES (HISTORY)

48. 3. MOSAICS a) PICTURE MADE USING PIECES OF GLASS, STONE, OR TILE b) USED TO DECORATE HOUSES

50. 4. FRESCOES a) WALL MURALS b) POMPEII VOLCANO PRESERVED FRESCOES

52. C. LEARNING & LITERATURE 1. VIRGIL a) WROTE AENEID b) MODELED ON HOMER’S ILIAD & ODYSSEY

53. V. LEGACY OF ROME A. LATIN LANGUAGE INFLUENCES 1. LATIN REMAINED LANGUAGE OF ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH

54. …LATIN 2. DEVELOPED INTO ROMANCE LANGUAGES 3. HEAVILY INFLUENCED ENGLISH 4. REMAINED COMMON LANGUAGE OF EUROPE INTO 1500’S

55. B. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 1. CONTINUED TO USE LATIN 2. CHURCH BECAME EXAMPLE OF MORAL AUTHORITY

56. …CHURCH 3. LOYALTY TO CHURCH MORE IMPORTANT THAN LOYALTY TO ROME 4. CHURCH BECAME UNIFYING FORCE IN WESTERN EUROPE

57. …CHURCH 5. CHURCH TOOK THE PLACE OF ROMAN GOVERNMENT

58. C. ARCHITECTURE 1. ARCH, DOME, CONCRETE a) USED IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE (COLISEUM & PANTHEON)

60. …ARCHITECTURE b) ARCHES (1) USED TO BUILD AQUEDUCTS C) CULTURAL DIFFUSION (1) PRACTICAL DESIGN STILL USED TODAY (a) U.S. & STATE CAPITOLS

63. D. ROMAN LAW 1. STANDARDS a. EQUAL TREATMENT UNDER THE LAW b. INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY

64. …STANDARDS c. ACCUSER HAD TO PROVE GUILT d. PUNISHED ONLY FOR ACTIONS e. UNFAIR LAWS COULD BE OVERTURNED