1. COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY The Five Factor Model of Personality

2. LECTURE OUTLINE Personality theories Background Five Factor Model Is the FFM universal? –Etic research –Emic research Is the FFM sufficient?

3. LECTURE OUTLINE (cont) Cross-cultural Validity of the FFM –Age and gender differences across cultures –Convergent validity Cross-cultural comparisons Interpretations and implications

4. PERSONALITY THEORIES Broad and comprehensive theories of human behaviour Psychoanalytic, Behavioural, Cognitive, Humanistic, Trait theories

5. PERSONALITY… Relatively stable psychological structures and processes that organize human experience and shape a person’s actions and reactions to the environment Lazarus

6. PERSONALITY AND INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY Systematic attempts to interpret ancient religious, philosophical writings and traditions Empirical research based on observations of distinct, indigenous traits or characteristics

7. PERSONALITY AND INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY THEORY- BASED EMPIRICALLY BASED RELIGION, FOLK PSYCHOLOGY Yogic, Buddhist, Confucian philosophies Research on the effects of meditation EXPERT, SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY Social orientation of Chinese Face and favour, kiasu, bahala na

8. Background of Universals Trait theories Comparative approaches and taxonomies

9. FIVE-FACTOR MODEL (FFM) The structure of personality: Psycho-lexical approach 4000 trait names in English Reduced to five factors - The Big Five amongst hierarchical models of personality (Cattell, 1996; Eysenck, 1991, 1992) - The cross-cultural generalizability of the Five-Factor Model (Costa & McRae, 1992, 1996)

10. NEUROTICISM Vs. adjustment Inclination to construct, perceive and feel reality as problematic, threatening, and difficult

11. EXTRAVERSION Vs. introversion Quantity and intensity of social relationships with the environment Tendency to engage or seek contact

12. OPENNESS Active search for and love of new experiences Eagerness for novelty without anxiety

13. AGREEABLENESS Concerns nature of one’s relationships with others Interpersonal relationships from compassion to antagonism

14. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS Persistency of behaviour and control of impulses Dynamic (e.g., anticipation, task orientation) and control (e.g., organization, perseverence) elements

15. NEO PI Neuroticism –Anxiety –Angry hostility –Depression –Self consciousness –Impulsiveness –Vulnerability

16. NEO PI Extraversion –Warmth –Gregariousness –Assertiveness –Activity –Excitement-seeking –Positive emotions

17. NEO PI Openness –Fantasy –Aesthetics –Feelings –Actions –Ideas –Values

18. NEO PI Agreeableness –Trust –Straightforwardness –Altruism –Compliance –Modesty –Tendermindedness

19. NEO PI Conscientiousness –Competence –Order –Dutifulness –Achievement striving –Self discipline –Deliberation

20. SAMPLE ITEMS I am not a worrier. I like to have a lot of people around me. I try to be courteous to everyone I meet. I like to keep my belongings neat and clean. I don’t like to waste my time on day-dreaming.

21. FACTOR STRUCTURE (Costa & McCrae, 1992) : NEUROTICISM NEOAC Anxiety.83-.12-.02-.05-.08 Angry hostility.65.12-.03-.38-.12 Depression.75-.24-.03-.02-.27 Self-consciousness.64-.31-.11-.04-.13 Impulsiveness.56.26.12-.17-.38 Vulnerability.74-.10-.22.10-.34

22. FACTOR STRUCTURE: EXTRAVERSION NEOAC Warmth-.02.66.09.49.06 Gregariousness-.03.67-.12.22-.12 Assertiveness-.13.66.08-.15.20 Activity.04.64-.07-.03.41 Excitement Seeking.03.51.19-.28-.12 Positive Emotions-.23.60.18-.30.03

23. FACTOR STRUCTURE: OPENNESS NEOAC Fantasy.13.04.55-.15-.31 Aesthetics.00.11.67.27-.05 Feelings.50.23.56.06.11 Actions-.21.28.29-.09-.28 Ideas-.15-.10.61-.03.32 Values-.17.04.43.06.03

24. FACTOR STRUCTURE: AGREEABLENESS NEOAC Trust-.23.18.02.68.12 Straightforwardness-.07-.23.03.68.13 Altruism-.10.29.18.64.29 Compliance-.09-.17-.06.69-.08 Modesty.29-.46-.14.32-.15 Tender-mindedness.27.19.15.62.02

25. FACTOR STRUCTURE: CONSCIENTIOUSNESS NEOAC Competence-.39.28.16-.14.65 Order-.07.05.00.07.73 Dutifulness-.15-.03-.07.28.69 Achievement- striving -.03.22.07.04.78 Self-discipline-.30.15-.04.14.78 Deliberation-.29-.19.05.04.69

26. COEFFICIENTS OF CONGRUENCE (Rolland, 2002) SAMPLENEOAC Chinese.97.93.92.94.97 Croatian.95.80.92.86.94 Dutch.96.98.97.98.97 Estonian.95.90.95.92.96 French.89.96.97 Hebrew.98.92.96.94.95 Icelandic.93.94.95.98.96

27. COEFFICIENTS OF CONGRUENCE SAMPLENEOAC Italian.92.80.94.81.98 Korean.97.94.95.96 Malay.94.93.83.94.97 Norwegian.96.93.90.96.94 Philippine.96.86.95.89.97 Portuguese.98.89.93.96 Russian.92.93.92.96.95 Spanish.94.90.92.86.95

28. ETIC STUDIES The cross-cultural generalizability of Neuroticism, Openness and conscientiousness is evident Certain facets of Extraversion and Agreeableness seem to be more sensitive to cultural context

29. EMIC STUDIES In some psycho-lexical emic studies (e.g., Italy, Hungary) Openness cannot be extracted In some instances more than 5 factors emerge

30. Cross-cultural validity Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness is clearly established by emic and etic approaches Neuroticism and Openness seems to be more problematic using emic methods

31. AGE DIFFERENCES ON NEO-PI N,E,and O decline from adolescence to 30 A and C increase from adolescence to 30 Same trends apparent after 30 but at slower rate

32. CORRELATIONS WITH EPQ AND HOFSTEDE DIMENSIONS EPQNEOAC Neuroticism.63** -.47*.12-.53*.16 Extraversion -.62**.19.00.34.19 Psychoticism.36 -.64**.09-.08.26 Lie-Scale.20-.40-.23-.07.54* PD.28-.58*-.40*.19.52* UA.58*.03.31-.56*-.25 Individualism-.12.64*.34*-.07-.30 Masculinity.55*-.27.37*-.32.06

33. CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES NEOAC Indonesians48.643.349.951.950.3 PRC Chinese53.144.548.347.850.3 Canadians50.551.751.651.949.2 Indians (Telugu)52.343.544.055.954.0 Germans52.847.356.749.146.7 South Africans (bl)49.141.447.750.447.9 Czechs54.247.452.350.747.5 Turks50.950.350.848.550.4 Peruvians50.845.550.048.649.0

34. QUESTION Costae and McCrae (1996): “Individual differences are ubiquitous, but it appears that the ways in which people differ are everywhere the same.” (p. 207) Is the comparative approach to personality a useful endeavour?