1. Latin American Independence

2. Breakdown of Society African Slaves – people brought over to serve in the fields of the new colony Natives – people who were from the conquered land Mulattos – Mixed European and African ancestry Mestizos – Mixed European and Native ancestry Creoles – Spaniards born in Latin America Peninsulares – born in Spain

11. Haiti’s Independence Saint Domingue - first colony to free itself 500,000 slaves – 20,000 white individuals on the island – Brutal punishments 1791 – 100,000 slaves rebelled – Toussaint L’Ouverture – leader Unsure about diplomatic and military matters, fast learner

12. 1801 – Slaves in control 1802 – French troops landed in Saint Domingue 1803 – Peace treaty, not independence – Toussaint invited to negotiate relations Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1804 colony declared independent

13. Simon Bolivar and Venezuela Simon Bolivar – 1811 – Venezuela declared independence – Bolivar’s volunteer army lost but continued fighting Bolivar was exiled twice after losses

14. 1819 – Turning point – Lead army through the Andes into Colombia – Venezuelan soldiers defeated Spanish 1821 – Bolivar forced Venezuelan independence – Marched South into Ecuador where he met Jose de San Martin

15. Jose de San Martin’s Argentina 1816 – Argentina declares independence – Spanish forces in Chile and Peru were still a threat 1817 – San Martin marched across Andes to Chile – Joined with Bernardo O’Higgins – Freed Chile

16. 1822 – Wanted to destroy the Spanish, needed more men – Met Bolivar at Guayaquil, Ecuador Bolivar control of army – Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) 1824 Last major battle for independence Gran Colombia – Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador

17. Mexico Breaks from Spain Mexicans and mestizos - leading role 1810 – Grito de Dolores – Padre Miguel Hidalgo – Call for rebellion 17 September 1810 – march to Mexico City – Spanish and Creoles army defeated Hidalgo

18. Jose Maria Morelos – new leader – Defeated by Agustin de Iturbide – Revolution continued 1820 – Revolution in Spain – Creoles feared the loss of privilege 1821 –Treaty of Cordoba – Mexico is constitutional monarchy under Agustin – 18 months later, first Mexican Republic created

19. Central American Independence Viceroyalty of New Spain 1821 – Central American states declare independence – Agustin refused to recognize 1823 – Absolute independence – United Provinces of Central America Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica

20. Brazil’s Bloodless Independence 1807 – Napoleon invaded Portugal and Spain – Royal family - Brazil – Rio de Janiero became the center 1815 – Returned to Portugal – Dom Pedro, stayed behind

21. King John wanted Brazil as colony – 1822 – 8,000 Brazilians signed a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule and he agreed – 1822 – Officially declared Brazilian independence