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Influences of Changing Disturbance Regimes on Forest Structure in Southern Appalachian Landscapes: John Waldron Charles Lafon, David Cairns, Robert Coulson,

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Presentation on theme: "Influences of Changing Disturbance Regimes on Forest Structure in Southern Appalachian Landscapes: John Waldron Charles Lafon, David Cairns, Robert Coulson,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Influences of Changing Disturbance Regimes on Forest Structure in Southern Appalachian Landscapes: John Waldron Charles Lafon, David Cairns, Robert Coulson, Maria Tchakerian, Kier Klepzig Photo Credit: C. Lafon

2 Photo Credit: T. Waldrop

3 Causes of Fire: 1. Prehuman: > 12,000 BP ● Lightning 2. Early Prehistoric: 12,000 BP – 1000 AD ● Lightning ● Humans- ??? 3. Late Prehistoric: 1,000 AD – 1600 AD ● Lightning ● Humans- Low Elev. Terraces & Bottomlands, Maize, Settlements 4. Early Historic: 1600 AD – 1886 AD ● Lightning ● Humans- Agriculture, Small Settlements 5. Late Historic: 1840 AD – 1920 AD ● Humans (Logging/Land Clearing) ● Lightning 6. Contemporary: 1920 AD - Present ● Lightning ● Humans (Arson, Prescribed Burning)

4 LANDIS LANDIS was developed, and continues to be developed, by David Mladenoff & a team of researchers from both the University of Wisconsin & the USDA Forest Service

5 LANDIS (LANdscape DIsturbance and Succession) is designed to meet the following specifications: ● Raster (cell) based ● operates regionally with cell sizes ranging from 10- 500m ● simulates successional dynamics at 10-year intervals ● simulates forest change at the species level ● simulates disturbances by wind, fire, insect/disease and harvesting ● simulates the interaction between succession and disturbances simultaneously

6 LANDIS Limitations: ● Cannot model process occurring between individual trees ● Cannot model process below ten-year intervals ● No direct consideration of soil type, elevation, topography. ● Limited to 30 species ● Does not distinguish between overstory and understorey ● Only models trees: A perfect world with no Kudzu, Oriental Bittersweet, Mt. Laurel, Rhododendron, etc…

7 1. Determine the LANDTYPE CLASSES (LC) for the project area 2. Create a SPECIES FILE (SF) -Contains information regarding attributes of each species included 3. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION FILE (SCF) -Listing of communities of species from the SF that are found within each LC 4. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION MAP (SCM) -A raster map reflecting locations of communities in the SCF 5. Create a FIRE DISTURBANCE FILE (FDF) -This contains information about FIRE

8 Great Smoky Mountains National Park

9 1 7810911 3456 12 131415161718 2 18 Landtype Classes: Moisture & Elevation Gradient

10 1. Determine the LANDTYPE CLASSES (LC) for the project area 2. Create a SPECIES FILE (SF) -Contains information regarding attributes of each species included 3. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION FILE (SCF) -Listing of communities of species from the SF that are found within each LC 4. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION MAP (SCM) -A raster map reflecting locations of communities in the SCF 5. Create a FIRE DISTURBANCE FILE (FDF) -This contains information about FIRE

11

12 Dead hemlock creating opening in canopy for Shade Intolerant species

13 Dispersal: Table Mountain Pine Photo Credit: C. Lafon

14 Dispersal: Red Oak

15 Fire Tolerance: Pitch pine

16 1. Determine the LANDTYPE CLASSES (LC) for the project area 2. Create a SPECIES FILE (SF) -Contains information regarding attributes of each species included 3. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION FILE (SCF) -Listing of communities of species from the SF that are found within each LC 4. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION MAP (SCM) -A raster map reflecting locations of communities in the SCF 5. Create a FIRE DISTURBANCE FILE (FDF) -This contains information about FIRE

17 #Red Oak# #abiefras#1000000000000000 #acerrubr#1000000000000000 #acersacc#100000000000000000000 #aescocta#100000000000000000000 #betulent#100000000000000000000 #betulute#1000000000000000000000000000000 #caryglab#1000000000000000000000000000000 #carytome#100000000000000000000 #fagugran#1000000000000000000000000000000 #halecaro#10000000000 #lirituli#1000000000000000000000000000000 #magnfras#10000000 #nysssylv#100000000000000000000 #oxydarbo#10000000000 #picerube#100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 #pinuechi#1000000000000000000000000000000 #pinupung#10000000000000000000000000 #pinurigi#100000000000000000000 #pinustro#10000000000000000000000000000000000000000 #pinuvirg#10000000000 #prunpenn#1000 #prunsero#100000000000000000000 #queralba# 1100000000000000000000000000000000001000000000 #quercocc#10000000000000 #querprin#100000000000000000000000000000000000 #querrubr#1000000000000000000000000000000 #quervelu#1000000000000000 #robipseu#10000000000 #tilihete#10000000000000000000000000 #tsugcana#1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Used Individual Species Distributions rather than communities

18 1. Determine the LANDTYPE CLASSES (LC) for the project area 2. Create a SPECIES FILE (SF) -Contains information regarding attributes of each species included 3. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION FILE (SCF) -Listing of communities of species from the SF that are found within each LC 4. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION MAP (SCM) -A raster map reflecting locations of communities in the SCF 5. Create a FIRE DISTURBANCE FILE (FDF) -This contains information about FIRE

19

20

21 Coves Canyons Sheltered Slopes NW-ESE-WRidges Peaks Flats Draws ravines 3000’ 4500’ MesicXeric

22 1. Determine the LANDTYPE CLASSES (LC) for the project area 2. Create a SPECIES FILE (SF) -Contains information regarding attributes of each species included 3. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION FILE (SCF) -Listing of communities of species from the SF that are found within each LC 4. Create a SPECIES COMPOSITION MAP (SCM) -A raster map reflecting locations of communities in the SCF 5. Create a FIRE DISTURBANCE FILE (FDF) -This contains information about FIRE

23 FIRE 1.Fire is dependant on LandTypes a. Ignition Ignition Density b. Initiation Time Since Last Fire c. Spread Cardinal Directions Maximum Fire Size Barriers 2.Fire is a bottom-up process

24 12 #landtype name# 5 #mean fire return interval# 0.0448 #fire ignition density# 5 #MFS# 0.001#STD# 10 #last fire disturbance# 10 30 60 120 130#fire curve# 2 3 4 5 5 #fire severity classes# Fire (example)

25 Some Preliminary results

26 Coves Canyons Sheltered Slopes NW-ESE-WRidges Peaks Flats Draws ravines 3000’ 4500’ MesicXeric DiversitySpecialization

27 Low Elevation Coves/Canyons (No Fire)

28 Low Elevation Coves/Canyons (Fire)

29 Low Elevation NW-E Facing Slopes (No Fire)

30 Low Elevation NW-E Facing Slopes (Fire)

31 Low Elevation Ridges & Peaks (No Fire)

32 Low Elevation Ridges & Peaks (Fire)

33 Pitch Pine Forest 1911

34 Mid Elevation Coves/Canyons (No Fire)

35 Mid Elevation Coves/Canyons (Fire)

36 Mid Elevation SE-W Facing Slopes (No Fire)

37 Mid Elevation SE-W Facing Slopes (Fire)

38 Mid Elevation Ridges & Peaks (No Fire)

39 Mid Elevation Ridges & Peaks (Fire)

40 Southwest section of Big Ridge – beginning to get hot Photo Credit: T. Waldrop

41 One day after burning at Big Ridge Photo Credit: T. Waldrop

42 Cones open and drop seed almost immediately after burning Photo Credit: T. Waldrop

43 Six months after burning, seedling are thick in some areas Photo Credit: T. Waldrop

44 Conclusions: Fire is instrumental in shaping the vegetation structure of the Southern Appalachians. Further testing is needed to delineate prehistoric fire regimes in order to adequately restore fire processes.

45 Future Work: Actually a first step in a project on restoring areas that have been Decimated by Southern Pine Beetle -Parameterize LANDIS BDA for SPB -Determine patterns and impacts of SPB disturbance -Model restoration scenarios with and without fire

46 Acknowledgements: Project Team: Charles Lafon, David Cairns, Bob Coulson, Kier Klepzig, Maria Tchakerian Henry McNab, David Loftis: Bent Creek Experimental Forest Jim Vose: Coweeta Hydrologic Lab Brian Sturtevant : North Central Forest Experiment Station Rob Scheller: University of Wisconsin

47 THANK YOU

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