1. Factors That Affect Solubility

2. The SOLUBILITY of a solution is the maximum quantity of solute that can be dissolved in a certain quantity of solvent. There are several factors that can effect the solubility of a solute in a solvent. (a) Nature of Solute and Solvent: The phrase “like dissolves like” is used to summarize how well a solute will dissolve in a solvent. - Polar solvents generally dissolve polar solutes very well. - Nonpolar solvents generally dissolve nonpolar solutes very well. However, polar solvents do not dissolve nonpolar solutes very well and nonpolar solvents do not dissolve polar solutes very well.

3. Factors That Affect Solubility Water is a VERY polar solvent. Small alcohols are SOMEWHAT polar solvents. (the fewer carbon atoms the more polar the alcohol) + _ O HH     _ + H―C―OH H ― ― H + _ H―C―C―C―H H ― ― OH ―― ―― HH HH + _

4. Factors That Affect Solubility large alcohols are SOMEWHAT nonpolar solvents. (the more carbon atoms the more nonpolar the alcohol) Hydrocarbons are VERY nonpolar solvents. + _ H―C―C―C―C―C―OH H ― ― H ―― ―― HH HH H HH H ― ― ― ― H―C―C―C―C―C―C―H H ― ― H ―― ―― HH HH H HH H ― ― ― ― ― ― H H

5. + - - + + - - + Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

6. + - - + + - - + Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

7. + - - + + - - + Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

8. + - - + + - - + Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

9. + - - + + - - + Dissolving SUGAR (a polar solute) in water. LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE! Factors That Affect Solubility

10. Trying to dissolving WAX (a nonpolar solute) in water. Nonpolar wax does NOT dissolve in polar water! Factors That Affect Solubility

11.  Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

12.  Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

13.  Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

14.  Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

15.  Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

16.  Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water. Factors That Affect Solubility

17.  Dissolving SALT (an ionic solute) in water. LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE! All ionic solids are classified as polar solutes! Factors That Affect Solubility

18. (b) Temperature: The higher the temperature of the solvent the greater the solubility of the solute. Exception: gaseous solutes dissolve less in hotter liquid solvents than in colder liquid solvents (c) Pressure: Pressure does not effect the solubility of most solutes in a solvent. Exception: gaseous solutes dissolve more in liquid solvents at higher pressures than at lower pressures.

19. Factors That Affect Solubility Ex.1) If water is a polar molecule and if gasoline does not dissolve in water, then what can be concluded about the molecular structure of the gasoline molecules? __________________________________________ Ex.2) ___________ has little or no effect on the solubility of solids solutes in liquid solvents. Ex.3) The solubility of a gas in a liquid (increases, decreases, remains the same) ____________________ as the temperature of a liquid increases. Ex.4) The solubility of a gas in a liquid (increases, decreases, remains the same) ____________________ with a increase in pressure. Pressure decreases increases gasoline molecules must be nonpolar molecules

20. Factors That Affect Solubility Ex.5) As the temperature of a liquid increases, the solubility of most solids in the liquid will (1) increase (2) decrease (3) remain the same Ex.6)The process by which ionic solutes are surrounded by water molecules is called (1) polymerization (3) distillation (2) hydration (4) ionization Ex.7) The reason why many salts dissolve in water is that water (1) consists of polar molecules (2) contains ionic bonds (3) has a linear structure (4) contains two hydrogen atoms

21. Factors That Affect Solubility Ex.8)Oxygen gas is most soluble in water under conditions of (1) low temperature and low pressure (2) high temperature and high pressure (3) low temperature and high pressure (4) high temperature and low pressure Ex.9) When table salt (NaCl) dissolves in water, the forces of attraction formed between the solute particles and the water are called (1) London-dispersion forces (3) hydrogen bonding (2) Dipole-dipole forces (4) ion-dipole forces