1. Nationalism in Latin America HWH UNIT 5 CHAPTER 8.3

2. Review of Latin American Society  Peninsulares: those born in Europe  Held all government positions  Creoles: American-born Spaniards  Resented Peninsulares  Mestizos: of both Native American and European heritage  Mulattoes: of both African and European heritage

4. Impact of the Enlightenment, French Revolution, and Napoleon  Creoles identified with the Enlightenment  Simón Bolívar  French Revolutionary ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity inspired change  Napoleon’s invasion of Spain  Creoles saw weakened Spain as an opportunity for independence

5. Haiti Gains Independence  Toussaint L’Ouverture  Slave Revolt, 1791  Napoleon attacks, 1802  L’Ouverture captured  Haitian Independence, 1820

6. Mexican Independence  Father Miguel Hidalgo  The “Cry of Dolores”, 1810  Rallied poor mestizos and Native Americans  Uprising failed  Hidalgo executed  No Creole support

7. Mexican Independence  Father José Morelos  Mestizo priest  Led a revolt calling for social change in 1815  Captured and killed  Revolt in Spain, 1820  Agustín de Iturbide leads Mexico to independence  Emperor Agustín I  Mexico becomes a republic in 1824

8. South American Independence  Simón Bolívar  “The Liberator”  Liberated Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia  Failed to create a “Gran Colombia”  Civil wars followed  José de San Martín  Joined with Bolívar  Liberated Argentina and Peru

9. Brazilian Independence  When Napoleon’s army invaded Portugal, the royal family fled to Brazil  Dom Pedro becomes Emperor