1. Heavy flavour and quarkonium experimental overview Raphaël Granier de Cassagnac LLR – École polytechnique / IN2P3 ERC grant “QuarkGluonPlasmaCMS” SQM’13, July 22 nd 2013, Birmingham

2. Disclaimer This is an appetizer for talks to come… –Nothing new here, no novelties from SQM (nor from EPS) Cannot be comprehensive, too much to look at: > 3 systems: pp, pA and AA + refinements dAu, CuAu, CuCu, UU… > 2 energies: RHIC and LHC + lower energies and scans > 2 experiments: STAR+PHENIX, ALICE+ATLAS+CMS+LHCb! > 4 particle classes: open charm (D’s, NPE…) & beauty, charmonia (2) & bottomonia (3) > 2 observables (R AA and elliptic flow) > 3 dependencies (centrality, rapidity, p T …) >>>> 288 plots we are interested in (some are missing but…) Had to compromise –Sacrifice pp and Cu+X, low energy and theory 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'132 See Vogt’s talk next

3. The basic charming picture at RHIC ≈ 2004, open charm scales with N coll ≈ p T inclusive – No b/c separation (dominated by c) – Large uncertainty ≈ 2007, J/ψ are heavily suppressed 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'133 PHENIX, PRL94 (2005) 082301 then PRC84 (2011) 044905 PHENIX, PRL98 (2007) 232201 (plot made by T. Dahms)

4. OPEN CHARM 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'134 c K+K+ lepton – D0D0 l c … D0D0 π+π+ K–K– …

5. Two ways of detecting “charm”: 1/ Single non-photonic electrons (NPE) (also muons) pros: easy to trigger, higher p T reach cons: b+c mixing, partial kinematics 2/ Hadronic decays pros: direct access to the D kinematics, no b+c mixing (apart from B  D) cons: large background (but under a peak), hard to trigger 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'135 c K+K+ lepton – D0D0 l c … D0D0 π+π+ K–K– …

6. Inclusive D’s from STAR scale with N coll Finally available, thanks to the ToF and a massive minimum bias sample (run 2010+11) Also, the long-standing STAR+PHENIX disagreement on the NPE yields was solved Remaining tension, outlying different systematics, e.g. in total charm in AuAu: – dσ/dy = 175 ± 13 ± 23 μb in STAR from D’s – dσ/dy = 123 ± 2 ± 27 μb in PHENIX from NPE 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'136 STAR @ QM’12, See Kikola’s & Zhang’s PHENIX PRC84 (2011) 044905

7. Now looking vs p T (NPE from PHENIX) N coll scaling concentrated in the 1 st GeV or so… Higher p T reveals the quenching of heavy flavours l 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'137 AuAu: PHENIX, PRL98 (2007) 172301 See Jouan’s talk (also STAR, see Kikola’s & Zhang’s talks)

8. Now looking vs p T (NPE from PHENIX) N coll scaling concentrated in the 1 st GeV or so… Higher p T reveals the quenching of heavy flavours Enhancement in dAu (larger than for pions) CuCu preliminary results also available and exhibiting an intermediate behaviour 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'138 AuAu: PRL98 (2007) 172301 dAu: PRL109 (2012) 242301 See Jouan’s talk

9. Now looking vs p T (D  Kπ from STAR) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'139 More exclusive kinematics reveal new phenomena Integrated R AA still unity (remember slide 6) But D’s are shifted to higher p T (1–2 GeV) – Probably due to the light quark radial flow – Washed out for NPE – The underlying c-quark R AA is inaccessible STAR @ QM’12, see Kikola’s & Zhang’s He, Fries, Rapp, PRL110 (2012) 112301 Gossiaux et al, 1207.5445

10. Charm flows! Charm flows revealing some coupling of the heavy mesons to the medium and collectivity STAR extended NPE to higher p T entering the regime of path-length dependence of energy loss for v 2 (should be modelled) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1310 Here from STAR, also from PHENIX in PRL98 (2007) 172301

11. Flow vs R AA Charm flows revealing some coupling of the heavy mesons to the medium and collectivity STAR extended NPE to higher p T entering the regime of path-length dependence of energy loss for v 2 (should be modelled) Difficult to model R AA and v 2 at the same time R AA disfavours radiative energy loss only 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1311 Here from STAR, also from PHENIX in PRL98 (2007) 172301 While PHENIX and STAR embark into lower energy (beam energy scan) and lighter ions (Cu+Au), let’s now move to the LHC…

12. Charm at LHC? Alice in wonderland! [ Also a muon R CP 4–14 GeV from ATLAS-CONF-2012-050 ] At least six ways Electron 3–18 GeV Muon (fwd) 4–10 GeV – D + 3–36 GeV – D * 1–24 GeV – D 0 1–24 GeV – D S + 4–12 GeV Huge suppression! Missing the first GeV to check N coll scaling? 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1312 JHEP (2012) 112 & QM12 Talks by Thomas, Bruna, Zhang, Stocco Also, total xsection in pp : –σ(cc) ≈ 5 mb x 1500 coll / 65 mb ≈ 115 cc pairs in a central PbPb collision! PRL109 (2012) 112301

13. Flow vs R AA from D’s in ALICE Elliptic flow 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1313 Nuclear modification factor Talks by Bruna, Stocco 1305.2707

14. Flow vs R AA from NPE in ALICE 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1314 Charm also flows at LHC (about the same as at RHIC) R AA and v 2 difficult to model at the same time Talks by Thomas, Stocco

15. Since “Strange” Quark Matter First D S in heavy ions! Not there yet, but differences in D’s and D S ’s could inform us on heavy- flavour diffusion and hadronisation 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1315 ALICE @ QM’12, see Stocco He, Fries, Rapp, PRL110 (2013) 112301

16. OPEN BEAUTY The key is measuring displaced vertices 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1316

17. Beauty at RHIC? Stay tuned… 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1317

18. Beauty at LHC? CMS in wonderland! Beauty is quenched! 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1318 First b-jet identification in heavy-ion collisions CMS-PAS-HIN-12-003 Unambiguous b from B  J/ψ JHEP05 (2012) 176 & CMS-HIN-PAS-12-014 See Jo’s talk

19. Citron’s for ATLAS, Gardner’s for CMS Beauty at LHC? CMS in wonderland! Beauty is quenched! 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1319 First b-jet identification in heavy-ion collisions CMS-PAS-HIN-12-003 Unambiguous b from B  J/ψ JHEP05 (2012) 176 & CMS-HIN-PAS-12-014 See Jo’s talk Note 1: Theory-Experiment interaction needed to properly relate b-quarks to J/ψ (decay the theoretical B mesons) Note 2: Though no N coll scaling is there yet with heavy flavours, it could be tested on electro+weak probes

20. Open D’s versus B’s at LHC 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1320 ALICE & CMS @ QM’12, see Stocco’s and Jo’s CMS PAS HIN-12-014 “There is order!” At LHC, we can forget mixed flavours… Prompt D’s from ALICE (B  D subtracted) vs B  J/ψ from CMS @ relatively high p T But is J/ψ > 6.5 GeV comparable to D > 6 GeV? No, a tighter cut should be applied on D’s, making it more separated

21. CHARMONIA Remember that ≈ 40% of the J/ψ come from higher-state decays 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1321

22. J/ψ at RHIC (all p T ) Two surprises: –At midrapidity, same suppression at RHIC and at SPS, while density must be higher –More suppression at forward rapidity at RHIC, while density must be lower Two popular answers: –Cold: shadowing / saturation brings forward yields down –Hot: recombination of uncorrelated cc brings midrapidity yield up 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1322 PHENIX, PRL98 (2007) 232301 SPS from Scomparin @ QM06

23. J/ψ at RHIC (all p T ) Two surprises: –At midrapidity, same suppression at RHIC and at SPS, while density must be higher –More suppression at forward rapidity at RHIC, while density must be lower Two popular answers: –Cold: shadowing / saturation brings forward yields down (and maybe only direct J/ψ survives, “sequential” supp.) –Hot: J/ψ “regeneration” from uncorrelated cc brings midrapidity yield up 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1323 PHENIX, PRL98 (2007) 232301, [ better fwd in PRC84 (2011) 054912 ] SPS from Scomparin @ QM06

24. J/ψ at RHIC (all p T ) Two surprises: –At midrapidity, same suppression at RHIC and at SPS, while density must be higher –More suppression at forward rapidity at RHIC, while density must be lower Two popular answers: –Cold: shadowing / saturation brings forward yields down (and maybe only direct J/ψ survives, “sequential” supp.) –Hot: J/ψ “regeneration” from uncorrelated cc brings midrapidity yield up 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1324 PHENIX, PRC84 (2011) 054912

25. Cold? J/ψ in dAu Cold matter is poorly understood: –nPDF + single absorption cross section don’t do the job However pretty established that the AuAu suppression goes beyond cold matter… And the negative/positive measured rapidity difference in dAu goes towards explaining the AuAu difference… 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1325 PHENIX, PRL107 (2011) 142301 See Jouan’s

26. J/ψ vs p T J/ψ less suppressed in both dAu and AuAu – (to interpret the latter, you need the former) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1326 dAu: PHENIX, PRC87 (2013) 034904, AuAu: STAR, 1208.2736, see Jouan’s and Kikola’s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 p T

27. An often-seen motivation plot for LHC... 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1327 Following the two possible explanations of RHIC J/ψ suppression J/ψ ψ’ χ C

28. An often-seen motivation plot for LHC… 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1328 However we see a beautiful plateau (probably the best ever in heavy ions), and we were looking for it for ages in the context of sequential suppression, we come to the opposite conclusion Why? ALICE@QM’12 ψ’ χ C J/ψ

29. Because low p T J/ψ less suppressed @ LHC Less suppressed than at RHIC, at both forward and mid-rapidity Unless there is a brand new cold effect, must be regeneration Should be seen to raise with: – More precise midrapidity results – Higher energy (after shutdown) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1329 See Fionda’s, Valencia-Palomo’s, Bruno’s & PRL109 (2012) 072301

30. But high p T J/ψ more suppressed than at RHIC CMS (also ALICE) see more suppression at higher p T where you expect less regeneration 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1330 See Jo’s, JHEP05 (2012) 176 and CMS PAS HIN-10-006

31. A hint of J/ψ elliptic flow? Large uncertainties but: –Non-zero v 2 at LHC –Zero v 2 at RHIC –While the two results also agree Would be a sign that recombination might be at play at LHC –J/ψ inheriting charm flow 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1331 ALICE, 1303.5880 STAR, see Kikola’s

32. J/ψ pPb Alice + LHCb @ 5 TeV Some J/ψ suppression at forward rapidity – Not incompatible with pure shadowing Tension between ALICE and LHCb, partly due to the pp extrapolation, but not only… 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1332 pA workshop @ Trento LHCb-CONF-2013-008 See Lakonov and Zhong LHCb enters the heavy-ion game! Note: a pp reference run @ 5 TeV might be missed, at the end…

33. pp matters too! J/ψ production in pp collisions is theoretically tricky, while cc is not Both seen by ALICE to strongly depend on the pp multiplicity – Was not in common generators, likely due to multi-parton interactions? 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1333 J/ψ: PLB712 (2012) 165 D: See Bala’s talk

34. Quarkonium surprise: ψ’ in dAu from PHENIX Suppression measured in (only) the most central bin is much larger than: –The J/ψ –The one seen at SPS and Fermilab ( Large unertainties but also the χ C and thus the full J/ψ feed-down sequence: R dAu (χ C ) = 0.77 ± 0.41 ± 0.18 ) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1334 PHENIX, 1305.5516, Jouan’s talk

35. Quarkonium surprise: ψ’ @ LHC 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1335 While CMS saw a larger suppression of ψ’ vs J/ψ at high p T (>6.5 GeV) A hint (less than 2σ!) of less suppression at lower p T (pp uncertainty dominating) ALICE looked and does not see it… (pp @ 7 TeV) No yet a discrepancy, stay tuned… CMS PAS-HIN-12-007 ALICE @ QM12 See Jo’s & Bruno’s

36. BOTTOMONIA Three brothers close in mass, with similar signal magnitude 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1336

37. Mixed Upsilons (1S+2S+3S) at RHIC In dAu from PHENIX In AuAu from STAR 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1337 PHENIX, dAu: 1211.4017 STAR preliminary (also in dAu) rapidity

38. Upsilons (1S), (2S) and (3S) at LHC Upsilon(1S) and (2S) at LHC 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1338 Sequential disappearance of the 3 states For minimum bias R AA (Y(1S)) = 0.56 ± 0.08 ± 0.07 R AA (Y(2S)) = 0.12 ± 0.04 ± 0.02 R AA (Y(3S)) < 0.10 @ 95% CL (Remember a large part of Y(1S) comes from higher state decays, in particular the χ b ) PRL107 (2011) 052302 PRL109 (2012) 222301 CMS, see Jo’s Also ALICE, see Khan’s 4

39. Five states to bind them all 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1339 CMS @ QM’12 Forgetting low p T J/ψ and ψ’ (regeneration?) for a while… R AA (MB) vs binding energy looks ordered… TBD with more data vs centrality and unfolding cold effects (pA) & feeddown Could they start acting as a thermometer? Watch out for p T …

40. Charm vs charmonia At RHIC, J/ψ suppressed beyond charm! At LHC, similarities between D’s and J/ψ, when applying similar p T thresholds (but should we?) Missing the inclusive charm at LHC… What about beauty vs bottomonia? 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1340 ≈ inclusive p T @ RHICHigher p T @ RHIC High p T @ LHC Higher p T @ LHC

41. Acknowledgements Thanks to Daniel, Denis, Diego, Giuseppe, Liang, Ramona for sharing things before the meeting Looking forward for the upcoming new results at this conference, in particular on pPb collisions at LHC, from last week EPS results, we know we will at least here more on: –Upsilon in pPb (a bit suppressed) –Open charm in pPb (not suppressed) –… Uncovered: –J/ψ in ultra peripheral collisions –More on pp collisions 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1341 See talks from Heide, Luparello, Colamaria, Kahn, Morsch… See talks from Tapia-Takaki, Tlusty…

42. BACK UP SLIDES… 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1342

43. NPE in CuCu collisions from PHENIX 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1343 Ncoll = 22 Ncoll = 150 Ncoll = 15 Ncoll = 91 From Durham@Utrecht

44. Charm also flows And fitting RAA and v2 has been challenging 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1344 PHENIX, PRL98 (2007) 172301

45. Single muons from ATLAS 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1345 ATLAS-CONF-2012-050

46. Calm down + broaden interest (p T ) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1346 PRC87 (2013) 034904 (also in STAR, less stat) Cronin ?!...

47. J/ψ p T broadening in dAu 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1347 PRC87 (2013) 034904

48. J/ψ in Cu+Au @ RHIC 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1348 More suppression in the Copper going direction Qualitatively expected from shadowing (lower x in the Au) Quantitatively? Look in the peripheral region… PHENIX @ QM12

49. (Side note: BTW, STAR goes to low p T too) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1349 STAR: 1208.2736

50. More on ψ’ and Cie 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1350 PHENIX, 1305.5516, Jouan’s talk

51. Upsilons Upsilon(1S) and (2S) at LHC All Upsilon at RHIC 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1351 Sequential disappearance of the 3 states R AA (Y(3S)) < 0.10 @ 95% CL Check the behaviour in pA ! STAR @ QM12

52. Quarkonium suppression Old predicted signature of the QGP – Quarkonia should melt one after the other, depending on their binding energy – Recent example of melting temperatures  @ SPS / RHIC, no / marginal access to the (yet unresolved) Upsilon family @ SPS, J/ψ and ψ’ studied in detail @ RHIC, J/ψ brought up surprises… – Though they are suppressed, the balance of various effects is not clear… 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1352 Matsui & Satz, PLB168 (1986) 415 Mocsy, EPJC61 (2009) 705 BNL workshop in June ϒ (1S) χ b J/ψ, ϒ (2S) χ c, χ’ b, ψ', ϒ (3S)

53. First look at ψ(2S) Relatively less ψ(2S) than J/ψ, as expected @ midrapidity |y| 6.5 GeV (a hint of an opposite behaviour at lower p T, but less than 2σ) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1353 CMS-PAS-HIN-12-007

54. Upsilon (1S), (2S) and (3S) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1354 (PRL107 (2011) 052302) PRL109 (2012) 222301 Acceptance down to p T = 0 GeV/c Excellent resolution, allowing clear separation

55. (ψ’/ψ) PbPb / (ψ’/ψ) pp ψ(2S) more suppressed than J/ψ @ high p T ψ(2S) less suppressed than J/ψ @ low p T ? (<2σ) 22/07/2013 raphael@in2p3.fr - Heavy flavours and quarkonia - SQM'1355 HIN-12-007 CMS-PAS-HIN-12-007