1. Nationalism in Europe Section 1: The Unification of Italy
Section 2: The Unification of Germany
Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck
Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia
Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary

2. The Unification of Italy
Objectives:
Describe the events that led to
nationalistic movements for
unification in Italy.
Identify the important leaders in the
fight for the unification of Italy.
Explain the problems Italy faced after
unification.

3. Liberals and Nationalists in Italy
Risorgimento
Italian word for resurgence
Goals were liberation and unification
Had to form secret societies
Carbonari – lead to Young Italy movement
Young Italy movement
Wanted a republic to rule Italy
Not a Pope or King
Revolts in several Italian states failed
King Victor Emmanuel II supported Liberals

4. Sardinia, France, and Austria
Cavour’s Sardinia
Reorganized and strengthened army
Established banks, factories, railroads and improved trade
Cavour believed in separation of church and state
Napoléon III
French emperor
Wanted France to dominate Italian states
Was given a few Italian states to avoid war (video)
War with Austria
Cavour and Napoléon conspired against Austria
Neither won dominance

5. Garibaldi and the Thousand
Two Sicilies
Garibaldi and his army invaded and captured Sicily and Naples
Stopped by Cavour
As a result Sardinia controlled most of Italian states
Garibaldi was highly respected so the King made him governor of Naples
Video

6. Unification and its Problems
Cultural traditions
Blending of different cultures and different histories into one nation
Tensions between industrialized north and agricultural south

8. The Unification of Germany
Objectives:
Explain how Prussia replaced Austria as
the leading German state in Europe.
Identify the ways in which German
unification differed from Italian
unification.
Describe the changes in German
government that occurred as a result of

9. Prussia as Leader Large army Efficient government Strong economy
Defeated French at Leipzig and Waterloo
Efficient government
Joined the Quadruple Alliance
Strong economy
German nationalism
Prussia was included in the German Confederation by the Congress of Vienna

10. The Zollverein Junkers were German aristocratic landowners
Complained about tariffs
Zollverein was a customs union
Controlled tariffs
Adopted uniform:
Weights
Measures
Currency

11. Bismarck and Prussian Strength
William I became King of Prussia
Appointed Otto von Bismarck as head of Prussian cabinet
Collected taxes without approval
Ignored constitution

12. Wars of Unification The Danish War The Seven Weeks’ War
Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark over new Danish constitution
New constitution annexed two independent and mostly German provinces
Prussia and Austria won
Caused conflict between the two because each wanted the provinces for themselves
The Seven Weeks’ War
Caused by argument over provinces between Prussia and Austria
Prussia was efficient and used modern technology
Ended with Treaty of Prague
Started the North German Federation
The Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck provoked war with the French and defeated them

13.         
Kingdom of Prussia
             
Annexations after the Seven Weeks War
Extensions towards forming the North German Confederation
More extensions towards forming the Second German Empire
                                                                                                                                                                

14. Formation of the German Empire
Included all German states except Austria
Prussian Berlin became capital
William I declared Emperor
Named Bismarck chancellor
Accepted a federal constitution where states kept some rights
Called the Emperor the Kaiser
Bundesrat and Reichstag
Made up legislative branch of new government
Prussian king ruled Germany and had most representatives in legislature

16. Opposition to Bismarck
Objectives:
Explain the problems Bismarck faced as
chancellor of the German Empire.
Describe how Germany became
industrialized under Bismarck’s
leadership.
Identify the factors that led to the
decline of Bismarck’s power as chancellor.

17. Problems for the Empire
Political groups opposed Bismarck’s policies
Tension between Prussia and other German states
Kulturkampf
Anti-Catholic program
Ended so Bismarck could gain support of Centre Party

18. Industrial Development under Bismarck
Standardized money and banking laws
Centralized postal and telegraph services
Encouraged cartels
A monopoly that owns all of the aspects of the business

19. Socialism in Germany Workers wanted decent working conditions
Social Democratic Party
Most were urban workers
Twelve members of Reichstag
Opposed by Bundesrat

20. Bismarck’s Antisocialist Campaign
Assassination attempts on the Emperor gave Bismarck his opportunity to attack SDP
Event though he knew they were not responsible for the attempts
Government-directed social reforms
Did not end socialism
Reduced workers’ grievances

21. The Resignation of Bismarck
William II
Conservative
Absolute authority of monarch
Accepted Bismarck’s resignation
Felt Bismarck had too much power
New policies eventually lead to conflict with Great Britain

22. Reform and Revolution in Russia
Objectives:
Explain the geographical and cultural
factors that made Russia different from
the rest of Europe.
Describe the characteristics of Russian
domestic and foreign policies.
Identify the reform movements that
occurred in Russia and their results.

23. The Russian Empire Undeveloped resources Lack of ports
Efforts to win access caused conflicts with Ottoman Empire
Diversity of population

24. Russian Domestic and Foreign Policies
Czar had absolute power
Autocracy
Suppressed freedom of speech and press
“Russification”
Forced non-Russian citizens to adopt Russian customs
Pan-Slavism
Union of all Slavic peoples under Russian control
Southward expansion led to defeat in the Crimean War
Lost a great amount of territory in the south

25. Alexander II and Reforms
Emancipation for the serfs
Moved to cities and became cheap sources of labor
Alexander II’s other reforms
Provincial and county-level councils
Civil and criminal courts
Limited power of secret police
Expanded education
Reorganized military

26. Radicals and Government Reaction
Terrorist attacks
Group called People’s Will
Used bombings and assassinations by political groups
Eventually killed Alexander II with a bomb (video)
Succeeded by Alexander III
Time of repression
Censorship
Control of church and education
Spies and informers
Imprisonment
Massacred Jew is pogroms
Exile

27. The Revolution of 1905 “Bloody Sunday” October Manifesto
Czar’s troops shot unarmed strikers
Mutinies in army and navy
Video
October Manifesto
Czar called a meeting of the Duma (congress)
Promised individual liberties
Autocracy continued
Failed to overthrow czar
Much of the army remained loyal to Czar
French lent money to government
Revolutionary groups were divided

28. Unrest in Austria-Hungary
Objectives:
Explain what led to the formation of the
Dual Monarchy and what problems it
faced.
Describe how the decline of the Ottoman
Empire affected European politics.
Discuss how ethnic clashes in southern
Europe set the stage for a showdown
among the major powers.

29. Results of the Uprisings
Revolts in France started revolts all over Europe
Austria
Metternich resigned after revolts
Magyars dominated Hungary, which was a major part of empire

30. Formation of the Dual Monarchy
Austria-Hungary
Had common ruler: Francis Joseph I
Had ministries for:
War
Finance
Foreign affairs
Each had own parliament

31. The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans
Military defeats decreased territory
Diverse peoples in Balkans desired and won self-rule
Russia supported Balkan independence
Great Britain supported suppression of self-rule

34. The Congress of Berlin and the Balkan Wars
Treaty of Stefano
Granted independence to several Balkan territories
Balkan League
Balkan nations who united to declare war on Ottoman Empire
Balkans won but fought a second war over division of lands