1. Text section where you can find more information ENERGY FOR LIFE begins as Electromagnetic energy in SUNLIGHT 10.2 drives begins with 10.1 10.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS (in chloroplasts) Light excites electrons in pigment molecules Antenna complex enters H2OH2O “Splits” water to yield electrons Electron transport chain pumps H + Photosystem II 10.3 Electron transport chain ends with ferrodoxin Photosystem I donates energy from excited electrons to donates energy from excited electrons to donates high- energy electrons to H + gradient drives ATP synthase Chemiosmosis releasesyields O2O2 ATP 9.1 NADPH used in CO 2 Series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions Calvin cycle 10.4 fixed by rubisco to start yields substrate for synthesis of stored as broken down to yield Glycogen, starch 5.25.1 GLUCOSE processed by 9.3 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions Glycolysis (in cytosol) CELLULAR RESPIRATION (in mitochondria) allows continued when electron acceptor available, yields pyruvate for 9.2 Regenerates NAD + Substrates and waste products vary among species Fermentation 9.7 when no electron acceptor available, donates electrons to begins with CO 2 H2OH2OO2O2 NADH ATP Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase Pyruvate processing 9.4 yields acetyl CoA for 9.5 8 enzyme-catalyzed reactions Completes oxidation of glucose Citric acid cycle yields CO 2 FADH 2 donates high energy electrons to used in Raises potential energy Phosphorylation of enzymes and substrates 9.1 drives Uses energy released during redox reactions to transport H + Ends with final electron acceptor (usually O 2 ) Electron transport chain 9.6 H + gradient drives ATP synthase Chemiosmosis yields some yields lots of 9.1 Reactions that were endergonic with unphosphorylated enzymes/substrates become exergonic with phosphorylated enzymes/subtrates Energetic coupling enables Cells use energy to do work pump ions synthesize molecules move cargo send and receive signals

2. Text section where you can find more information ENERGY FOR LIFE begins as Electromagnetic energy in SUNLIGHT 10.2 drives begins with 10.1 10.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS (in chloroplasts) Light excites electrons in pigment molecules Antenna complex enters H2OH2O “Splits” water to yield electrons Electron transport chain pumps H + Photosystem II 10.3 Electron transport chain ends with ferrodoxin Photosystem I donates energy from excited electrons to donates energy from excited electrons to donates high- energy electrons to H + gradient drives ATP synthase Chemiosmosis releasesyields O2O2 ATP 9.1 NADPH used in CO 2 Series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions Calvin cycle 10.4 fixed by rubisco to start yields substrate for synthesis of stored as broken down to yield Glycogen, starch 5.25.1 GLUCOSE

3. processed by 9.3 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions Glycolysis (in cytosol) CELLULAR RESPIRATION (in mitochondria) allows continued when electron acceptor available, yields pyruvate for 9.2 Regenerates NAD + Substrates and waste products vary among species Fermentation 9.7 when no electron acceptor available, donates electrons to begins with CO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 NADH ATP Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase Pyruvate processing 9.4 yields acetyl CoA for 9.5 8 enzyme-catalyzed reactions Completes oxidation of glucose Citric acid cycle yields CO 2 FADH 2 donates high energy electrons to Uses energy released during redox reactions to transport H + Ends with final electron acceptor (usually O 2 ) Electron transport chain 9.6 H + gradient drives ATP synthase Chemiosmosis yields some yields lots of

4. used in Raises potential energy Phosphorylation of enzymes and substrates 9.1 drives 9.1 Reactions that were endergonic with unphosphorylated enzymes/substrates become exergonic with phosphorylated enzymes/subtrates Energetic coupling enables Cells use energy to do work pump ions synthesize molecules move cargo send and receive signals ATP 9.1

5. consists of functional units called is archived in base sequences of DNA 4.2 GENETIC INFORMATION Genes EXPRESSED 15.1 15.2 17.1–4 18.1–4 Text section where you can find more information 13.2 Genotype is packaged with proteins to form have different versions called make up can be may regulate whether genes if first TRANSCRIBED by RNA polymerase 16.1 4.3 to form RNA may be processed by may function directly in cell as 16.2 Splicing Addition of 5 cap Addition of poly(A) tail to form 16.4 16.5 tRNA (transfer RNA) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) mRNA (messenger of RNA) 16.2 is then TRANSLATED by affect Ribosomes 16.5 to form Proteins 3.2 16.5 changed by produce 13.1 Phenotype Folding Glycosylation Phosphorylation Degradation 3.4 5.3 9.1 18.4 Chromatin 18.2 COPIED 14.3 13.2 Alleles are by DNA polymerase 14.3 occasionally make errors, causing MUTATION 15.4 Chromosomes 11.1 18.2 and can be may change due to causing Breakage Duplication or deletion due to errors in meiosis Damage by radiation or other agents 14.5 15.4 12.4 15.4 Mutation can be to somatic cells by to germ cells by 12.1, 13.1–4 TRANSMITTED 11.1 MITOSIS 12.1 MEIOSIS includes 12.2 13.3–4 Independent assortment Recombination starts with Parent cell 2n2n2n2n ends with 2n2n2n2n Two daughter cells with the same genetic information as the parent cell (unless mutation has occurred). Four daughter cells with half the genetic information as the parent cell. n n n n occurs during occurs during GROWTH and ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 11.012.3 result inresults in Low genetic diversityHigh genetic diversity

6. is archived in base sequences of DNA GENETIC INFORMATION Genes EXPRESSED Text section where you can find more information consists of functional units called 13.2 Genotype make up can be may regulate whether genes if first TRANSCRIBED by RNA polymerase 16.1 4.3 to form RNA 4.2 15.1 15.2 17.1–4 18.1–4

7. 4.3 RNA may be processed by may function directly in cell as 16.2 Splicing Addition of 5 cap Addition of poly(A) tail to form 16.4 16.5 tRNA (transfer RNA) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) mRNA (messeger of RNA) 16.2 is then TRANSLATED by affect Ribosomes 16.5 to form Proteins 3.2 16.5 changed by produce 13.1 Phenotype Folding Glycosylation Phosphorylation Degradation 3.4 5.3 9.1 18.4

8. Chromatin 18.2 COPIED 14.3 13.2 Alleles are by DNA polymerase 14.3 occasionally make errors, causing MUTATION 15.4 Chromosomes 11.1 18.2 and can be may change due to causing Breakage Duplication or deletion due to errors in meiosis Damage by radiation or other agents 14.5 15.4 12.4 15.4 Mutation can be to somatic cells by to germ cells by 12.1, 13.1–4 TRANSMITTED 11.1 MITOSIS 12.1 MEIOSIS includes 12.2 13.3–4 Independent assortment Recombination

9. 11.1 MITOSIS 12.1 MEIOSIS includes 12.2 13.3–4 Independent assortment Recombination starts with Parent cell 2n2n2n2n ends with 2n2n2n2n Two daughter cells with the same genetic information as the parent cell (unless mutation has occurred). Four daughter cells with half the genetic information as the parent cell. n n n n occurs during occurs during GROWTH and ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 11.012.3 result inresults in Low genetic diversity High genetic diversity

10. 25.1 EVOLUTION is Change through time is due to does not produce Changes in allele frequencies Descent with modification due to Inbreeding Mating among relatives Changes genotype frequencies, but not allele frequencies Sexual selection 25.6 Occurs when traits used in attracting mates vary, and individuals with certain traits attract the most mates includes NATURAL SELECTION Occurs when traits vary, and individuals with certain traits produce the most offspring 24.1 24.3–5 25.2 exposes deleterious alleles to Non-random mating 25.6 Text section where you can find more information is the only evolutionary mechanism that can produce Adaptation Involves heritable traits only 24.3, 24.5 Fitness Measured by number of offspring produced 24.3, 24.5 25.1–6 usually reduces due to 25.3 GENETIC DRIFT Changes in allele frequencies due entirely to chance Especially important in small populations due to MUTATION Random changes in DNA Creates new alleles Occurs in every individual in every generation, at low frequency 15.4, 25.5 GENE FLOW Occurs when individuals move between populations Homogenizes allele frequencies between populations Gene flow 25.4 due to lack of produces divergence required for produces divergence required for produces divergence required for 26.2–4 SPECIATION Results from: 1. Genetic isolation, followed by 2. Genetic divergence creates new branches on form smallest possible tips on The TREE OF LIFE Describes the evolutionary relationships among species 1.3, 27.1 “prune” MASS EXTINCTIONS 60% of species are lost in less than 1 million years 5 events in the past 542 million years Is analogous to genetic drift 27.4 may occur after forms new 26.1 Species Evolutionarily independent units in nature, identified by: 1. Reproductive isolation, and/or 2. Phylogenetic analysis, and/or 3. Morphological differences with Synamorphies Traits that are unique to a single lineage (found in some species but not others) Arise in a common ancestor 26.1 27.1 that may be Key innovations Traits that allow species to exploit resources in a new way or use new habitats 27.4 may result in ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS Rapid and extensive speciation in a single lineage Dramatic divergence in morphology or behavior (species use a wide array of resources/habitats) 27.3

11. 25.1 EVOLUTION is Change through time is due to does not produce Changes in allele frequencies Descent with modification due to Inbreeding Mating among relatives Changes genotype frequencies, but not allele frequencies Sexual selection 25.6 Occurs when traits used in attracting mates vary, and individuals with certain traits attract the most mates includes NATURAL SELECTION Occurs when traits vary, and individuals with certain traits produce the most offspring 24.1 24.3–5 25.2 exposes deleterious alleles to Non-random mating 25.6 Text section where you can find more information is the only evolutionary mechanism that can produce Adaptation Involves heritable traits only 24.3, 24.5 Fitness Measured by number of offspring produced 24.3, 24.5 25.1–6 usually reduces due to 25.3 GENETIC DRIFT Changes in allele frequencies due entirely to chance Especially important in small populations due to MUTATION Random changes in DNA Creates new alleles Occurs in every individual in every generation, at low frequency 15.4, 25.5 GENE FLOW Occurs when individuals move between populations Homogenizes allele frequencies between populations Gene flow 25.4

12. 25.3 GENETIC DRIFT Changes in allele frequencies due entirely to chance Especially important in small populations MUTATION Random changes in DNA Creates new alleles Occurs in every individual in every generation, at low frequency 15.4, 25.5 GENE FLOW Occurs when individuals move between populations Homogenizes allele frequencies between populations Gene flow 25.4 due to lack of produces divergence required for produces divergence required for produces divergence required for 26.2–4 SPECIATION Results from: 1. Genetic isolation, followed by 2. Genetic divergence creates new branches on form smallest possible tips on The TREE OF LIFE Describes the evolutionary relationships among species 1.3, 27.1 “prune” MASS EXTINCTIONS 60% of species are lost in less than 1 million years 5 events in the past 542 million years Is analogous to genetic drift 27.4 may occur after forms new 26.1 Species Evolutionarily independent units in nature, identified by: 1. Reproductive isolation, and/or 2. Phylogenetic analysis, and/or 3. Morphological differences with Synamorphies Traits that are unique to a single lineage (found in some species but not others) Arise in a common ancestor 26.1 27.1 that may be Key innovations Traits that allow species to exploit resources in a new way or use new habitats 27.4 may result in ADAPTIVE RADIATIONS Rapid and extensive speciation in a single lineage Dramatic divergence in morphology or behavior (species use a wide array of resources/habitats) 27.3 NATURAL SELECTION Occurs when traits vary, and individuals with certain traits produce the most offspring 24.1 24.3–5 25.2

13. is the study of how Organisms Leads to possible exclusion of weaker competitors Natural selection favors traits that reduce competition 53.1 ECOLOGY 51 Text chapter or section where you can find more information associate with others of the same species to form Populations 52 Species 53.153 Communities interact in interact viaform via CompetitionSuccession 53.2 Pattern depends on species traits, species interactions, and history of site and is triggered by Disturbance 53.3 E.g., fire, drought; effect depends on extent and frequency affects 53.4 Species richness is a measure of Biodiversity Consumption (predation, parisitism, herbivory) Can reduce prey/host population size Natural selection favors traits that maximize defenses 53.1 and Mutualism Leads to co- occurrence of species Natural selection favors traits that maximize benefits and minimize costs 53.155 interact with Abiotic environment Chemical energy Solar energy 54.1 Energy 50.54 includes and Nutrients Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Others 54.2 Water temperature Water flow rate Water depth Nutrient availability 50.2, 54.3 Soil Atmosphere 50.3–4 and Climate Temperature (especially average and degree of yearly variation) Precipitation (especially average and degree of yearly variation) 50.3–4 includes CO 2 dictates species that can be found in certain influence Terrestrial ecosystems 50.3, 54.3 include 50.2, 54.3 Aquatic ecosystems include Ecosystems 54 flow through interact with abiotic factors to form 54.1 Primary producers (synthesize their own food) Consumers (consume live organisms) Decomposers (consume dead organisms) form affects flows through 54.1 Primary productivityFood webs  /   /  / 

14. is the study of how Organisms Leads to possible exclusion of weaker competitors Natural selection favors traits that reduce competition 53.1 ECOLOGY Text chapter or section where you can find more information associate with others of the same species to form Populations 52 Species 53.1 53 Communities interact in interact viaform via CompetitionSuccession 53.2 Pattern depends on species traits, species interactions, and history of site and is triggered by Disturbance 53.3 E.g., fire, drought; effect depends on extent and frequency affects 53.4 Species richness is a measure of Biodiversity Consumption (predation, Parisitism, herbivory) Can reduce prey/host population size Natural selection favors traits that maximize defenses 53.1 and Mutualism Leads to co- occurrence of species Natural selection favors traits that maximize benefits and minimize costs 53.1 55 interact with abiotic factors to form Ecosystems 54 51 interact with 50, 54 Abiotic environment  /   /  / 

15. Chemical energy Solar energy 54.1 Energy 50.54 includes and Nutrients Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Others 54.2 Water temperature Water flow rate Water depth Nutrient availability 50.2, 54.3 Soil Atmosphere 50.3–4 and Climate Temperature (especially average and degree of yearly variation) Precipitation (especially average and degree of yearly variation) 50.3–4 includes CO 2 dictates species that can be found in certain influence Terrestrial ecosystems 50.3, 54.3 include 50.2, 54.3 Aquatic ecosystems include Ecosystems 54 flow through 54.1 Primary producers (synthesize their own food) Consumers (consume live organisms) Decomposers (consume dead organisms) form affects flows through 54.1 Primary productivityFood webs Species richness 53.4