1. Department of Economics Risk Management for Crop Production Agricultural Credit School Ames, Iowa June 9, 2009 Chad Hart Assistant Professor/Grain Markets Specialist chart@iastate.edu 515-294-9911

2. Department of Economics Iowa Corn Prices vs. Costs Source: USDA-NASS and Duffy and Smith, http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/crops/pdf/a1-21.pdf Preliminary estimates for 2009 costs are over $4 per bushel. 2009 Futures-based Season-average Price Estimate $4.35 Latest USDA U.S. 2008 Season-average Price Estimate $4.20 Latest USDA Iowa 2008 Season-average Price Estimate $3.95

3. Department of Economics Iowa Soybean Prices vs. Costs Source: USDA-NASS and Duffy and Smith, http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/crops/pdf/a1-21.pdf Preliminary estimates for 2009 costs are nearly $10 per bushel. 2009 Futures-based Season-average Price Estimate $10.00 Latest USDA U.S. 2008 Season-average Price Estimate $9.85 Latest USDA Iowa 2008 Season-average Price Estimate $9.65

4. Department of Economics Price Movements Since 2007

5. Department of Economics Crop Insurance One of many risk management strategies Traditionally set up to protect farmers in times of low crop yields Also offers coverage for low prices Available on over 100 commodities

6. Department of Economics Why Crops Fail

7. Department of Economics Historical Crop Insurance Participation

8. Department of Economics Crop Insurance Subsidies Coverage Level Subsidy % 50% - 55%67% 55% - 65%64% 65% - 75%59% 75% - 80%55% 80% - 85%48% > 85%38%

9. Department of Economics Types of Crop Insurance Individual Yield (APH) Area Yield (GRP) Individual Revenue (CRC, IP, RA) Area Yield - Individual Revenue Combination (GRIP)

10. Department of Economics Individual Yield Insurance (APH) Farmer chooses percentage of expected yield to insure –Expected yield measured by average yield Price at which the crop is valued is set up front and does not change In 2008, 1.38 million acres of Iowa corn and 1.09 million acres of Iowa soybeans were covered with an APH policy

11. Department of Economics Individual Revenue Insurance (CRC, IP, RA) Farmer chooses percentage of expected revenue to insure –Expected revenue measured by average yield times initial crop price Price at which the crop is valued can move with price changes in the market Final value of the crop determined by average futures prices over harvest period

12. Department of Economics Individual Revenue Insurance (CRC, IP, RA) CRC and RA have a “harvest price option” If the harvest price is greater than the planting price, then the harvest price is used in all calculations In 2008, 9.64 million acres of Iowa corn and 7.21 million acres of Iowa soybeans were covered with individual revenue policies

13. Department of Economics Iowa Crop Insurance Figures Average producer-paid crop insurance premium in Iowa - Corn $22.66/acre - Soybeans $17.58/acre Most typical coverage - Both crops 75% RA

14. Department of Economics Iowa Crop Insurance Figures Average crop insurance liability in Iowa - Corn $640.08/acre - Soybeans $459.79/acre Total Iowa crop insurance producer-paid premiums - 2007 $279 million - 2008 $423 million

15. Department of Economics Iowa Crop Insurance Premiums & Prices

16. Department of Economics Iowa Crop Insurance Premiums & Prices

17. Department of Economics Average Producer-Paid Premiums For RA, APH and CRC graphs would look similar

18. Department of Economics Iowa Crop Insurance Payouts (As of 5/26/09) Source: USDA-RMA, Summary of Business reports Crop insurance indemnities for Iowa thus far = $1.09 billion Every county in Iowa has received at least $3 million in crop insurance payments.

19. Department of Economics Farm Bill Twist Starting in 2009, farmers will need to participate fully in crop insurance and non-insured crop assistance programs to qualify for the federal government’s new disaster assistance program (SURE) SURE guarantees and payments are tied to crop insurance decisions

20. Department of Economics Supplemental Revenue Assistance Payments Program (SURE)  Provides payments to producers in disaster counties for crop losses  Based on crop insurance program, non- insured crop assistance program, and disaster declarations  Whole-farm revenue protection, not commodity-specific

21. Department of Economics SURE Triggers  Declared “disaster county” by Secretary of Agriculture or contiguous to one  Farm with losses exceeding 50% of normal production in a calendar year  One crop must have at least a 10% yield loss

22. Department of Economics Iowa in 2008

23. Department of Economics SURE Settings  Participation and revenue guarantee tied to crop insurance (for all crops that represent at least 5% of the farm’s crop value)  Farm revenue, including some government payments, used to determine payment  Payments set as 60% of the difference between guarantee and actual revenue  Limited to $100,000 per producer  Payments not known or paid until the end of the marketing year

24. Department of Economics SURE Guarantee  Farm guarantee is the sum of  115%*Crop insurance price election*Crop insurance coverage level*Planted acres* Max(APH or CCP yield), for insurable commodities  120%*NCAP price election*Planted acres* Max(NCAP or CCP yield), for non-insurable commodities  For an individual crop, the guarantee can not be greater than 90% of the crop’s expected revenue

25. Department of Economics SURE Expected Farm Revenues  Expected farm revenue is the sum of  Max(APH or CCP yield)*Planted acres*100% of the crop insurance price for insurable commodities  100% of NCAP yield*100% of NCAP price*Planted acres for non-insurable commodities

26. Department of Economics SURE Actual Farm Revenues  Actual farm revenue is the sum of  Harvested acres*Farm yield*National season- average price for all commodities  15% of direct payments  All CCP or ACRE payments  All marketing loan benefits  All crop insurance or NCAP payments  Any other disaster assistance payments

27. Department of Economics SURE Calculator  USDA has created a calculator for SURE  http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/sure_calculator.xls  http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/calculator_instructions.pdf  ISU Extension information on SURE  http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/crops/html/a1-44.html  http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/crops/xls/a1-44surecalculator.xls

28. Department of Economics Average Crop Revenue Election (ACRE)  ACRE is a revenue-based counter-cyclical payment program  Based on state and farm-level yields per planted acre and national prices  Producers choose between the current price-based counter-cyclical payment (CCP) program and ACRE

29. Department of Economics Farmer Choice  Starting in 2009, producers will be given the option of choosing ACRE or not  Can choose to start ACRE in 2009, 2010, or beyond  Once you’re in ACRE, you stay in ACRE until the next farm bill  If you sign up for ACRE, you must do so for all eligible crops  Deadline for sign-up, Aug. 14 (this year)  Producers choosing ACRE agree to 20% decline in direct payments and 30% decline in loan rates

30. Department of Economics ACRE Settings  ACRE is based on planted acres  Total acres eligible for ACRE payments limited to total number of base acres on the farm  Farmers may choose which planted acres are enrolled in ACRE when total base area is exceeded

31. Department of Economics Loan Rates under ACRE Corn $1.365Soybeans $3.50 Current Loan Rates Corn $1.95Soybeans $5.00

32. Department of Economics Average Direct Payments Per Payment Acre for Iowa CropCurrent Program ACREDifference Corn32.5126.016.50 Soybeans15.7112.573.14 Please note the 83.3 or 85% rule has not been yet to these payments.

33. Department of Economics ACRE  Program has state and farm trigger levels, both must be met before payments are made  Expected state and farm yield based on 5 year Olympic average yields per planted acre  ACRE price guarantee is the 2 year average of the national season-average price

34. Department of Economics ACRE Set-up for Iowa Corn YearYield per Planted Acre (bu./acre) 2004181.0 2005173.0 2006166.0 2007171.0 2008169.0 Olympic Average171.0 YearSeason-average Price ($/bu.) 20074.20 20084.20 Average4.20 The 2008 yield and price are USDA’s May 2009 estimates. So the expected state yield would be 171.0 bushels per acre and the ACRE price guarantee would be $4.20 per bushel.

35. Department of Economics ACRE Structure  ACRE revenue guarantee = 90% * ACRE price guarantee * Expected state yield  For our example, the ACRE revenue guarantee is 90% * $4.20/bu. * 171.0 bu./acre  $646.38/acre  ACRE actual revenue = Max(Season- average price, ACRE Loan rate) * Actual state yield per planted acre

36. Department of Economics ACRE Structure  ACRE Farm revenue trigger = Expected farm yield * ACRE price guarantee + Producer-paid crop insurance premium  Let’s assume farm yields equal to state yields and use the average producer-paid crop insurance premium for 2008  171.0 bu./acre * $4.20/bu. + $22.66/acre  $740.86/acre

37. Department of Economics ACRE Payment Triggers  ACRE actual farm revenue = Max(Season- average price, ACRE Loan rate) * Actual farm yield per planted acre  Given our example, ACRE payments are triggered when ACRE actual revenue is below $646.38/acre and ACRE actual farm revenue is below $740.86/acre

38. Department of Economics ACRE Payments  Payment rate = Min(ACRE revenue guarantee – ACRE actual revenue, 25% * ACRE revenue guarantee)  Payments made on 83.3% of planted acres in 2009-11, 85% in 2012 (up to total base)  ACRE payment adjustment: Payment multiplied by ratio of Expected farm yield to Expected state yield

39. Department of Economics ACRE Payment Timing  Payments can begin as soon as practicable possible after the end of the marketing year  So 2009 ACRE payments could start to be paid out in October 2010  There are no provisions for advance payments

40. Department of Economics ACRE vs. CCP ACRE pays out No ACRE payments CCP pays No CCP payments

41. Department of Economics Looking Beyond 2009  The ACRE revenue guarantee is updated each year using the same rules  5 year Olympic average for yields  2 year average for prices  But the ACRE revenue guarantee can not change by more than 10 percent (up or down) from year to year  So if the 2009 ACRE revenue guarantee is $646.38, then the 2010 ACRE revenue guarantee must be between $581.74 and $711.02

42. Department of Economics An Example for 2009  To start, we need the expected state and farm yields and the ACRE price guarantee  Expected state yield 171 bu/acre  Expected farm yield 180 bu/acre  2004-08 Olympic average of yields per planted acre  ACRE price guarantee$4.20/bu  Average of 2007 and 2008 season-average prices  ACRE Revenue Guarantee$646.38  90% * $4.20/bu * 171 bu/acre  ACRE Farm Revenue Guarantee$776.00  $4.20 * 180 bu/acre + $20/acre

43. Department of Economics Example (continued)  For 2009, we need the actual state yield, the actual farm yield, and the season-average price  Actual state yield 165 bu/acre  Actual farm yield 190 bu/acre  Season-Average Price$3.50/bu  ACRE Actual Revenue$577.50  $3.50/bu * 165 bu/acre  ACRE Farm Actual Revenue$665.00  $3.50/bu * 190 bu/acre

44. Department of Economics Example (continued)  State Trigger  ACRE Revenue Guarantee$646.38  ACRE Actual Revenue$577.50  So we’ve met the state trigger  Farm Trigger  ACRE Farm Revenue Guarantee$776.00  ACRE Farm Actual Revenue$665.00  So we’ve met the farm trigger

45. Department of Economics Example (continued)  ACRE Payment$60.40  Min(25%*$646.38, $646.38 – $577.50) * (180 bu/acre / 171 bu/acre) * 83.3%

46. Department of Economics Farmer’s Choice  In deciding about ACRE, farmers must weigh:  The loss of 20% of their direct payments, a 30% drop in the marketing loan rate, and no access to CCP payments versus  The potential for payments under ACRE

47. Department of Economics Comparing Program Parameters  For Iowa Corn  Under the current CCP program  CCP Yield Average = 122.1 bushels per acre  CCP Effective Target Price = $2.35/bushel  In our example, for ACRE  ACRE Yield Guarantee = 171.0 bushels per acre  ACRE Price Guarantee = $4.20/bushel  20% of average Iowa corn direct payment = $6.50 per acre

48. Department of Economics Farmers Have Some Time to Decide  ACRE signup started in April, will end in August  Preliminary ACRE information and tools are available at: http://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/crops/html/a1-45.html http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=dccp&topic=landing http://www.farmdoc.uiuc.edu/fasttools/index.asp

49. Department of Economics Forms and Records  Forms  Election: CCC-509 ACRE (fill out once)  Enrollment: CCC-509 (fill out each year)  If you do not fill out the enrollment paperwork, you are not in the program  All producers, including landowners, must sign the election form  Records  Must annually report acreage and production to FSA  In proving historical farm yields, producers must present production records for continuous years (no gaps are allowed)

50. Department of Economics Forms and Records  Records  The farm yields will be the higher of the proven farm yield or 95% of the county average yield determined by FSA (NASS county production/FSA county acreage)  Zero production reports are allowed  Crop insurance and NAP production reports will work  Commercial receipts, settlement sheets, warehouse ledger sheets that are reliable and/or verifiable will work  Loan and LDP records will work

51. Department of Economics All producers and owners must sign.

52. Department of Economics This form must be filled out each year.

53. Department of Economics Thank you for your time! Any questions? My web site: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/faculty/hart/