2. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2001 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE (con’t.) u A. Introduction Practical Questions u B. The Planet Earth & Earth Systems u C. Survey of Planet Earth’s Atmosphere u D. Weather & Climate Elements u E. Probing the Atmosphere

3. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 2 Announcements u Sign-up –Class list –Official registration –Course Syllabus F NOTE Change Wed. to Fri. 21 Dec. on back –Honors Students u Class Note-taker for McBurney Center

4. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 3 Announcements u Sign-up –Class list –Official registration –Course Syllabus

5. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 4 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2001 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE u A. INTRODUCTION: Practical Questions – What constitutes the atmosphere? – What can we learn about the atmosphere? – Why do we want to know about it?

6. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 5 Earth-rise over Moon Apollo 8 22 Dec 1968 NASA-JSC

7. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 6

8. 7 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2001 LECTURE 1B OBSERVATIONS of EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE (con’t.) u A. Introduction Practical Questions u B. The Planet Earth & Earth Systems

9. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 8 B. THE PLANET EARTH & EARTH SYSTEMS u Uniqueness of Planet Earth – Water Planet – The planet with life u Components of Planet Earth System – Lithosphere – Atmosphere – Hydrosphere – Cryosphere – Biosphere

10. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 9 From Geog. 101 UW-Stevens Point  Interactions within System – Weathering – Hydrological cycle

11. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 10 C. SURVEY of PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE u Importance of Earth's atmosphere – Moderates temperature of planet; – Shields life from harsh space environment; – Provides life with water, oxygen, etc. u Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere – About 100 km (62 mi) thick; – Compare with 6370 km (3950 mi) earth radius; but....

12. VERTICAL VARIATION in ATMOSPHERIC DENSITIES [Source U.S. Std. Atmosphere, 1976]

13. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 12

14. 13 SUNRISE FROM SPACE From STS-47 (JSC-NASA)

15. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 14 C. SURVEY OF PLANET EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (con’t) u Importance of Earth's atmosphere u Overall Dimensions of Earth's atmosphere u Comparison with other components of Earth System

16. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 15 ESTIMATED MASSES of EARTH SYSTEM COMPONENTS [Source: J.Y. Wang, 1975]

17. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 16 D. WEATHER-CLIMATE ELEMENTS u What we need to Know – Weight (mass), Energy, Constituents, Motion. u Observed Weather-Climate Elements – AIR PRESSURE – AIR TEMPERATURE – ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY – PRECIPITATION – CLOUD TYPE, AMOUNT – WINDS (SPEED & DIRECTION)

18. MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT TUE JUN 18 2002 Updated twice an hour at :05 and :25 Sky/Weather: SUNNY Temperature: 70 F (21 C) Dew Point: 57 F (13 C) Relative Humidity: 63% Wind: SE9 MPH Barometer: 30.04S (1017.2 mb)

19. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 18 E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE u Surface vs. Aloft – Locations – Problems u Surface Weather Station – Human observer, – Thermometers, barometers, rain gauges, wind instruments, etc.

20. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 19 Traditional Surface Weather Station

21. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 20 Automated Weather Station (ASOS)

22. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 21 NWS & FAA Automatic Weather Stations

23. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 22 Automated Weather Buoy

24. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 23 First Order Stations & Cooperative Observer Network (National Climate Data Center, 2001)

25. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 24 E. PROBING THE ATMOSPHERE (con’t.) u Other Observation Tools/Platforms – Need for F Rugged instruments F Remote sensing

26. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 25 Weather Kites (ca. 1894)

27. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 26 Aircraft Weather Observations (ca. 1934)

28. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 27 Radiosonde

29. 28 Radiosonde (con’t.)

30. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 29 Radiosonde (con’t.)

31. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 30 RADIOSONDE LOCATIONS

32. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 31 Stratospheric Balloons

33. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 32 Meteorological Rockets (Rocketsondes)

34. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 33 Weather Radar See Pg. 344-351 Moran & Morgan (1997)

35. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 34 Principles of Weather Radar (in reflectivity mode)

36. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 35 Weather Radar (con’t.)

37. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 36 Weather Radar (con’t.)

38. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 37 Principles of Weather Radar (in velocity or Doppler mode) See Fig. 14.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)

39. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 38 NWS DOPPLER RADAR SITES

40. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 39 Radar Reflectivity 7 Sep 2000

41. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 40 Current Radar Reflectivity

42. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 41 Composite National Radar Image

43. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 42 Weather Satellites and the Space Science & Engineering Center (SSEC)

44. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 43 See Fig. 16.2 – Moran & Morgan (1997)

45. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 44 Early GOES Satellite

46. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 45 Geosynchronous Satellite Imaging Field of View

47. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 46 ATS-III in 1968

48. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 47 Recent GOES Satellite

49. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 48 GOES-11 in 2000

50. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 49 Nighttime lights from DMSP Satellites

51. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 50 Visible vs. IR Images

52. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 51 Current Visible Satellite Image Clouds

53. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 52 Current Infrared Satellite Image

54. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 53 Current Water Vapor Satellite Image

55. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 54 Man Computer Data Acquisition System (McIDAS) at SSEC/UW-Madison

56. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 55 See Fig. 16.1 – Moran & Morgan (1997)

57. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 56

58. 57 TIROS in 1960s

59. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 58 Polar Orbiting (POES) Satellite NOAA-M Summer 2002 GFSC-NASA

60. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 59 MODIS in 2000 (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)

61. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 60 MODIS

62. 61 Wind Profiler (FSL) See Pg. 352 Moran & Morgan (1997)

63. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 62 Wind Profiler Network (FSL)

64. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 63 F. VISUALIZING THE WEATHER: THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP u Meaning of synoptic weather analysis – synoptic: “syn” = same + “optic” = to see u Goal of synoptic weather analysis u Requirements for synoptic weather analysis – Same time of observation – Uniform instruments & observation techniques

65. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 64 MAP of TIME ZONES U.S. Naval Observatory, 1996

66. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 65 F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.) u Historical perspective – First weather map in 1819 of 1783 Storm; – Early U.S. Weather maps in 1870’s.

67. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 66 Surface weather map Sep. 1872

68. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 67 Surface weather map June 2002

69. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 68 F. THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP (con’t.) u Interpretation of modern surface weather maps where...

70. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 69 Sample Modern Weather Map Figure I.3, Moran & Morgan (1997)

71. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 70 ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP F F Pressure systems – –Isobars (“iso” + “bar”) – –Highs & Lows F F Winds – –Circulation around Highs & Lows – –The “Hand-twist Model”

72. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 71 Flow around High Pressure Fig. 9.17 Moran & Morgan (1997)

73. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 72 Air Converging Aloft Fig. 9.20 Moran & Morgan (1997)

74. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 73 Flow around Low Pressure Fig. 9.18 Moran & Morgan (1997)

75. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 74 Air Diverging Aloft Fig. 9.21 Moran & Morgan (1997)

76. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 75 ON THE SURFACE WEATHER MAP   Pressure systems F F Winds F F Clouds   Mainly around lows F F Temperature Patterns – –Isotherms (“iso” + “therms”) F F Fronts – –Cold fronts, warm fronts & stationary fronts

77. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 76 Warm Front

78. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 77 Cold Front

79. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 78 Stationary Fronts

80. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 79 Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radar Isobars

81. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 80 Clouds Current Visible Satellite Image

82. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 81 Current Temperatures ( ° F) & Isotherms (“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)

83. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 82 Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radar Isobars

84. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 83 Rule of Thumb! Weather Systems move: u From West to East in midlatitudes u From East to West in tropics

85. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 84 Yesterday’s Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radar Isobars

86. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 85 Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radar Isobars

87. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 86 Tomorrow AM Forecast Map

88. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 87 Track of Hurricane Erin

89. ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 88

90. 89 QUIZ!!! u Which way does the wind circulate around a high pressure center? u And around a Low? u Answers….