1. Creating Geographic Rating Area Maps: How to Combine Counties, Split Counties, & use Zip Code Boundaries
Rick Andrews
Office of the Actuary
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Robert Allison
Research and Development
SAS Institute

2. Disclaimer
The opinions of the speaker(s) are their own and may not reflect those of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
This lecture is presented "as is" without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. Recipients acknowledge and agree that the creator shall not be liable for any damages whatsoever arising out of the use of this material.

3. Geographic Rating Areas
Affordable Care Act
Rate Review Final Rule (45 CFR Part 147)
Qualified Health Plans
Permitted to impose higher rates in areas where medical costs are higher
Three possible scenarios
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) plus 1
By County
By first 3 digits of zip code

4. SAS® PROCS & DATA Procedures Data Sets GMAP GPLOT GREMOVE GPROJECT
MAPIMPORT
Data Sets
MAPS.USCITY
MAPS.COUNTY
MAPS.USCOUNTY
MAPS.CNTYNAME
SASHELP.ZIPCODE

5. Obtain Rating Area Data
Center for Consumer Information & Insurance Oversight (CCIIO)
Maryland Geographic Rating Areas
Rating Area ID
County Name 1
Baltimore City
Baltimore County
Harford County
… some data not shown … 4
Washington County
Carroll County
Frederick County

6. Obtain FIPS Codes Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS)
MAPS.CNTYNAME contains county names
proc sql;
create table work.Rating_Area_FIPS as
select T1.*, T2.state, T2.county
from work.Rating_Areas as T1
left join
MAPS.CNTYNAME as T2
on upcase(T1.County_Name)= T2.COUNTYNM
where state = stfips('MD');
quit;

7. Create Map Data Set MAPS.COUNTY contains map coordinates (x,y)
Be cautious of the output sequence using SQL
Order of Map data is important
proc sql;
create table work.Temp_Map as
select T1.*, T2.x, T2.y
from work.Rating_Area_FIPS as T1
inner join
MAPS.COUNTY as T2
on T1.state = T2.state
and T1.county = T2.county;
quit;

8. Remove County Boundaries
Sort data by State and Rating Area
GREMOVE combines unit areas
By State and Rating Area
ID statement removes county boundaries
proc sort data= work.Temp_Map;
by state Rating_Area;
run;
proc gremove
data= work.Temp_Map
out= work.Gremove_Map;
id county;
run; 

9. Project Rating Area Map
GPROJECT converts spherical coordinates into Cartesian (x,y) coordinates y x
proc gproject
data= work.Gremove_Map
out= work.Rating_Area_Map dupok;
id state Rating_Area;
run;

10. Projected vs. Un-projected
MAPS.USCOUNTY projected using all states
MAPS.COUNTY is un-projected
work.Rating_Area_Map projected using MD only
proc gmap
data= MAPS.USCOUNTY
map= MAPS.USCOUNTY
all;
where state = stfips('MD');
id state county;
choro county /
woutline=1
nolegend;
run;
quit;
proc gmap
data= work.Rating_Area_Map
map= work.Rating_Area_Map
all;
id state Rating_Area;
choro Rating_Area /
woutline=1
nolegend;
run;
quit;

11. Maryland Example First map uses MAPS.USCOUNTY Second map
Projected using all states
Second map
Projected using only Maryland coordinates

12. Add Major Cities MAPS.USCITY coordinates for major cities
data work.Major_Cities;
set MAPS.USCITY ( drop= x y );
where state = stfips('MD')
and city = 'Baltimore';
retain function 'label'
style 'Albany AMT/bold'
xsys '2' ysys '2' size 2
color 'black' when 'a';
text = city; * Text value = city name;
position = '2'; * Above center of X,Y;
* Convert degrees to radians *;
x = atan(1)/45 * LONG;
y = atan(1)/45 * LAT;
Major_City = 1; * Flag for projection;
OUTPUT; * Output record for city names;
* Prepare city marker values;
text='V'; style='marker'; position='5';
OUTPUT; * Output record for markers;
run;
MAPS.USCITY coordinates for major cities
Annotate variables
Convert degrees to radians
Two OUTPUT statements

13. City Markers
STYLE = 'MARKER' – SAS/GRAPH Font
TEXT = 'V' – Star Image

14. Combine & Project Combine map data and major cities
Project the combined data
Separate map data and city data
Major_City = 1
data work.Combined;
set work.Gremove_Map
work.Major_Cities;
run;
proc gproject
data= work.Combined
out= work.Projected
dupok;
id state Rating_Area;
data work.Rating_Area_Map
set work.Projected;
if Major_City = 1
then output work.Major_Cities;
else output work.Rating_Area_Map;

15. New Map with City Set Labels and Cities tables together
data work.Annotate_Data_Set;
set work.Anno_for_Labels
work.Major_Cities;
run;
proc gmap
data= work.Rating_Area_Map
map= work.Rating_Area_Map
anno= work.Annotate_Data_Set
all;
id state Rating_Area;
choro Rating_Area /
woutline=1
nolegend;
quit;

16. Los Angeles (LA) LA uses first 3 digits of zip code Issue: Solution 1:
Identifies East vs. West
Issue:
How to split county?
Solution 1:
Add triangle “marker”

17. Solution 2: Split County
Annotate ZIP centroids using SASHELP.ZIPCODE
%let ra15 = '906','907','908','910','911',
'912','915','917','918','935';
%let ra16 = '900','902','903','904','905',
'913','914','916','923','928','932';
data work.zipcodes;
length function style color $8 position $1;
retain xsys ysys '2' hsys '3' when 'a';
set SASHELP.ZIPCODE (rename=(x=LONG y=LAT));
where state = stfips('CA')
and CountyNM = 'Los Angeles';

18. Annotate Zip Centroids
if substr(put(zip,z05.),1,3) in (&ra15) then
do;
Rating_Area = '15';
color = 'red';
end;
if substr(put(zip,z05.),1,3) in (&ra16) then
Rating_Area = '16';
color = 'black';
* Convert degrees to radians *;
x = atan(1)/45 * LONG * -1;
y = atan(1)/45 * LAT;
* Create solid-filled pie;
function='pie'; style='psolid';
position='5'; rotate=360;
size=.2; anno_flag=1;
run;

19. LA Zip Centroids
Rating Area 16
Rating Area 15

20. Degrees to Radians 90o = π / 2 = 1.5707 radians
91o = atan(1) / 45 x 91
92o = constant('Pi') / 180 x 92
= radians = = π /2 /4 7π 3π 5π
0o/360o
45o
90o
135o
180o
225o
270o
315o

21. Plot Los Angeles County
Project LA County
Create Alt Text
data work.LA_Unprojected;
set MAPS.COUNTIES;
where fipstate(state) = 'CA'
and county = 37;
LAT=y; LONG=x;
run;
proc gproject
data= work.LA_Unprojected
out= work.LA_Projected;
id state county;
data work.LA_Projected;
set work.LA_Projected;
length My_Html $300;
Original_Order = _N_;
My_Html =
'title='||
quote('Original_Order: '||
trim(left(Original_Order))||
'0d'x||
'x='||trim(left(LONG))||
'y='||trim(left(LAT))||
' in radians');
run;

22. Output Delivery System
Create HTML Page
Interpol = join
Plot LAT * LONG
Hreverse option
ods html
path='c:\mypath'
body='mypage.html';
symbol1 value=circle
interpol=join color=blue;
proc gplot data=work.LA_Projected;
plot LAT*LONG /
hreverse
html=myhtml
name='mypage';
run;
ods html close;

23. Create New Coordinates
Alt Text (4)
Original start (1)
Original end (168)
1st new record
x=2.060 (LONG)
y=0.595 (LAT)
2nd new record
Upper bound (4)
Lower bound (65) X X X X
x=2.060 (LONG)
y=0.595 (LAT)

24. Original Order of LA County Map Coordinates
Old LA Coordinates
Note original order
168 observations
Original Order of LA County Map Coordinates
Original Order
State
County
LONG
LAT 1 6 37 2 3 4
… some data not shown …
165
166
167
168

25. Original Order of LA County Map Coordinates
New LA Coordinates
Note the six new records and new order
Original Order of LA County Map Coordinates
New Order
Original Order
Rating
Area
State
County
LONG
LAT 1
n/a 15 6 37 2 3 4
… some data not shown … 64 65 16 66 67
170
168
171
172
173
174
New
New
Copy
New
New
Copy

26. New LA Plot SYMBOL statements PLOT = Rating_Area VALUE = circle & x
COLOR = blue & red
PLOT = Rating_Area
symbol1 value=circle
interpol=join color=blue;
symbol2 value=x
interpol=join color=red;
proc gplot data=work.New_LA;
where segment = 1;
plot LAT*LONG=Rating_Area /
hreverse
html=my_html
name="&name";
run;

27. Result of County Split Rating Area 15 is not Centered
Missing Rating Area Labels (1, 10, 13)

28. Modify Annotate Data Note the four OUTPUT statements
data work.annotate_data_set_modified;
set work.annotate_data_set;
* Move label for rating area 15;
if Rating_Area='15' then
do;
x = x ; *<-- Offset;
y = y ;
end;
output; *<-- Output original annotation records;
* Add labels for non-contiguous areas;
if Rating_Area='1' then do; x=-0.015; y= 0.016; output; end;
if Rating_Area='10' then do; x= 0.005; y=-0.017; output; end;
if Rating_Area='13' then do; x= 0.055; y=-0.072; output; end;
run;

29. Rating Areas by Zip Code
Three states use zip codes
Alaska, Massachusetts, and Nebraska
ZIP code tabulation area (ZCTA)
U.S. Census Bureau
ESRI® shapefile format (.shp)
“Creating ZIP Code-Level Maps with SAS®”
SAS Global Forum 2013 (Okerson, Barbara)

30. Import ZCTA Files MAPIMPORT Identify Rating Areas
proc mapimport
datafile='tl_2010_25_zcta510.shp'
out= work.ZCTA_MA;
id ZCTA5CE10;
rename ZCTA5CE10 = ZipCode;
run;
proc format;
value $areas
'010','011','012','013' = '1'
'014','015','016' = '2'
'017','020' = '3'
'018','019' = '4'
'021','022','024' = '5'
'023','027' = '6'
'025','026' = '7'
other = 'Missing';
data work.ZCTA_MA_Modified;
length Rating_Area $2;
set work.ZCTA_MA;
Rating_Area =
put(substr(ZipCode,1,3),$areas.);
run;
proc gremove
data= work.ZCTA_MA_Modified
out= work.ZCTA_Remove;
by Rating_Area;
id ZipCode;
... some code not shown ...

31. Project ZCTA Map GPROJECT Note EASTLONG &DEGREES data= work.combined
proc gproject
data= work.combined
out= work.projected_map
dupok eastlong degrees;
id Rating_Area;
run;
proc gmap
data= work.projected_map
map= work.projected_map
anno= work.annotate_data_set
all;
choro Rating_Area /
nolegend;
quit;

32. Combine Map Files APPEND Project New Map libname geo_data '.';
%macro by_state ( state );
... some code not shown ...
proc append
data=work.Combined
out=
geo_data.Geo_Rating_Area_Map
force;
where Major_City ne 1;
run;
%mend by_state;
%by_state ( AK );
%by_state ( AL );
proc gproject
data=geo_data.Geo_rating_area_map
out=work.Geo_rating_area_map
dupok;
where state ne stfips('AK')
and state ne stfips('HI');
id state Rating_Area;
run;
proc gmap
data= work.Geo_rating_area_map
map= work.Geo_rating_area_map
all;
choro Rating_Area /
discrete nolegend;
quit;

33. Final U.S. Map

34. Contact Information
Rick Andrews Office of the Actuary Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 7500 Security Boulevard Baltimore, MD Phone: (410)
Robert Allison
Research and Development
SAS Institute Incorporated
100 SAS Campus Drive
Cary, NC 27513
Phone: (919)