1. Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence
Turbulence: An irregular or disturbed flow of air; or for aviation “bumpiness in flight”.
Scale of Turbulence can be from 50 feet to 8000 feet.
Pilot response: Correct any large plane changes in orientation caused by the turbulence otherwise hold it study. Do not try to correct small changes in orientation.
Vertical speed may also vary wildly. Do not try to correct. Hold it study. You correction would probably be in the wrong direction as the gust changes.

2. Turbulence: Pilot effects
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Pilot effects
Shaking from turbulence
at 4 to 5 shakes per second: Pilot can not read the instruments
At one oscillation per 4 seconds it can induce air sickness

3. Turbulence: Intensities
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Intensities
Light: bumbs without change in altitude or attitude
Moderate: cause change in altitude and or attiutude, but pilot remains in control
Severe: Large changes in altitude and/or attitude: (VSI: Vertical Speed Indicator) KIAS and VSI will have large changes.
Extreme: Pilot control is lost.

4. Turbulence: Intensities
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Intensities

5. Turbulence: Intensities
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Intensities

6. Turbulence: Types and Causes
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Types and Causes
TYPES of TURBULENCE:
LLT: Low Level Turbulence
TNT: Turbulence Near Thunderstorms
CAT: Clear Air Turbulence
MWT: Mountain Wave Turbulence

7. Turbulence: Types and Causes
Ch 12 Sec B
Turbulence: Types and Causes
Causes of LLT:
Mechanical Turbulence: Caused by friction with the ground or obstacles
Winds appear to be glued to the ground they are in contact with.
If a hill turns the winds turn with them.
If there is a gorge they go into the gorge and come up the other side.

8. Turbulence: Types and Causes
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Types and Causes
Causes of LLT:
Mechanical Turbulence: Caused by friction with the ground or obstacles

9. Turbulence: Types and Causes
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Types and Causes
Causes of LLT:
Mechanical Turbulence: Caused by friction with the ground or obstacles

10. Turbulence: Types and Causes
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Types and Causes
Causes of LLT:
Mechanical Turbulence: Caused by friction with the ground or obstacles

11. Turbulence: Types and Causes
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Types and Causes
Causes of LLT:
Mechanical Turbulence: Caused by friction with the ground or obstacles

12. Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence
Pilot Considerations: Pilot Operator’s Handbook(POH) gives max crosswind speed for landing
If it is gusting it may be unsafe below this speed: Approach with power and fast.
Control your plane even after it has landed!
When taking off from a valley climb before exiting the valley.
Wind speeds can be higher at ridge crests due to the Bernoulli affect.

13. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec B
Turbulence: Causes Continued
Thermal Turbulence: Usually Vertical
Can typically be from 200 to 400 fpm
May be 1000 fpm to 2000 fpm
fpm: (feet per minute)
May not have cloud caps in dry air.
In moist air they may have cloud caps.
Uncomfortable but usually safe in the Central Valley or Salinas Valley in Summer

14. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Causes Continued
Thermal Turbulence:

15. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Causes Continued
Turbulence in Fronts:

16. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec B
Turbulence: Causes Continued
Wake Turbulence:
Wake turbulence is usually vortex shaped
The vortexes fall after the plane that created them.
They usually move downward from the plane that created them and with the wind.

17. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Causes Continued
Wake Turbulence:

18. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Causes Continued
Wake Turbulence:

19. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec B
Turbulence: Causes Continued
Wake Turbulence: Took down a A at LaGuardia, NYNY due to a B747 Wake on takeoff
When landing stay above the path of a “Heavy” landing before you
Don’t takeoff until you are convinced a “Heavy’s” Wake is not in your path. May be more than FAA minimums. RWY does not make a difference in cross wind!!!
Wakes Move with the Cross Wind

20. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec B
Turbulence: Causes Continued
From Wikipedia

21. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec B
Turbulence: Causes Continued
TNT: Turbulence in and near Thunderstorms
Turbulence in Thunderstorms
Turbulence can tare a private plane apart.
Always use highest winds reported in a storm to make you decision.

22. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec A
Turbulence: Causes Continued
TNT: Turbulence in and near Thunderstorms
Turbulence in Thunderstorms
Turbulence can tare a private plane apart.
Always use highest winds reported in a storm to make you decision.

23. Turbulence: Causes Continued
Ch 12 Sec B
Turbulence: Causes Continued
TNT: Turbulence in and near Thunderstorms
Turbulence below Thunderstorms
Microburst in rain or under virga
Turbulence around Thunderstorms
Do not fly within 20 miles of a severe thunderstorm or one that has an echo of 5 or above.
You’ll roll in a roll cloud!!!