1. Disinfection Byproducts and Associated Challenges Resulting from Advanced Treatment Jeff Prevatt Presented by AZ Water Association New Directions in Wastewater Treatment October 21, 2014

2. Disinfection

3. The DBP Dilemma Factors Disinfection dosage Disinfectant type –Cl, NH 2 Cl, ClO2, ozone pH of the water Ammonia Bromide ion concentration Contact time

4. Known DBPs Tribromomethane - bromoform Trichloromethane - chloroform Dibromochloromethane Dichlorobromomethane Common THMs Haloacetic Acids Dibromoacetic Acid Chloroacetic Acid Dichloroacetic Acid Bromoacetic Acid Trichloroacetic Acid NDMA Bromate Chlorite Krasner, 2007

5. Why Should We Care? Where is your water? 2.1% of Earth’s waters are bound in ice caps and glaciers 97.2% of Earth’s waters are saline 0.6% of Earth’s waters are groundwater 0.1% of Earth’s waters reside in surface water and atmospheric moisture DBPs Can Be Carcinogens

6. Triclosan Triclosan Chlorinated Metabolites DBPs Formation

7. Ina Road/Tres Rios WRF During Construction

8. Brooke & Collins, 2009 THM Volatility

9. Air Stripping Pilot Demonstration

10. Nozzle Pressure Minimum THM Removal Maximum THM Removal 19 psi24%64% 32 psi38%62% Pilot Demonstration Performance Influencing Factors for THM Removal Droplet Diameter Droplet Travel Distance Water Temperature THM Species Present

11. Pilot Demonstration Limitations

12. THM Reduction by Targeted Ammonia Addition

13. Test Scenarios Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3

14. Possible Configurations

15. Bench Test Scenario 1

16. Bench Test Scenario 2

18. Bench Test Scenario 3

20. Pilot Configuration

21. Diurnal Characteristics

22. Pilot Results

23. Need Performance Result and Chlorine demand from Eric 75-92% reduction in THM

24. WEST Center Research Labs

27. WEST Center Collaboration Invited!