1. The EU as an actor of globalization: soft and hard power Luca Verzichelli GGCD –2015-2016

2. Hard vs. Soft power (Nye) Hard power is mainly the use of traditional means of power (military force, massive economic resources …) in order to influence the behavior or interests of other actors. - aggressiveness - immediate effects - immediate evidence of stakes and non-0 games Soft power is associated to diplomacy, use of culture and use of history. Normally comes together multilateral projects and packages to bargain - negotiation - mutual recognition - package deals - 0-sum games ] ] According to Joseph Nye, the mix of soft and hard power characterized the US foreign policy during the post WWII period.

3. Process of Developing a Foreign Policy Common European Defense Community (failed 1954) Common European Defense Community (failed 1954) Hague Summit (1969) Hague Summit (1969) European Council (1974) European Council (1974) Single European Act (1986) Single European Act (1986) Maastricht Treaty (1992) Maastricht Treaty (1992) Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) Lisbon Treaty (2007) Lisbon Treaty (2007)

4. Macro-scenario Increasing mix of hard/soft power in IR After 9/11, there has been a debate between the use of soft power and hard power After 9/11, there has been a debate between the use of soft power and hard power – US: hard power or preemptive action – EU: prevailing soft power or preventative action (but evident divisions among EU partners) First divide: Atlanticists vs. Europeanists First divide: Atlanticists vs. Europeanists Second divide: Evangelist Europeanists vs. advocates of new multipolarism Second divide: Evangelist Europeanists vs. advocates of new multipolarism

5. Specific opportunities Kagan (2003) … the U.S. is quicker to use military force, less patient with diplomacy, and more willing to coerce other nations in order to get a desired result. Europe, on the other hand, places greater emphasis on diplomacy, takes a much longer view of history and problem solving, and has greater faith in international law and cooperation. Cases of application - Crisis Cyprus vs. Turkey - Palestine - China - Russia

6. Use of soft power during the Eastern Enlargement Membership negotiations (1995): Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia, Poland, Slovenia Membership negotiations (1995): Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia, Poland, Slovenia 2004/07 enlargements 2004/07 enlargements Neighborhood policy: privileged countries: prioritized by the EU with goal of promoting democracy, human rights, rule of law, good governance and market economics Neighborhood policy: privileged countries: prioritized by the EU with goal of promoting democracy, human rights, rule of law, good governance and market economics EU plays a dominant role in post-Soviet countries EU plays a dominant role in post-Soviet countries – relations with Russia less successful

7. National Foreign Policy and the EU EU foreign policy has had a somewhat transformational influence on national foreign policy EU foreign policy has had a somewhat transformational influence on national foreign policy – Brusselization or Brussels based inter- governmentalism national foreign policy is now constructed in a collective context national foreign policy is now constructed in a collective context - perspectives for an increasing use of mixed policy instruments in foreign policy

8. New foreign policy paradigm or Strategy to enlarge consensus?

9. Sources Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World order, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 2003) http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/ 33518_121406.pdf http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/ 33518_121406.pdf Nye, Soft Power, Public affair (2009) http://www.hks.harvard.edu/netgov/files/talks/docs/11_06_06_se minar_Nye_HP_SP_Leadership.pdf http://www.hks.harvard.edu/netgov/files/talks/docs/11_06_06_se minar_Nye_HP_SP_Leadership.pdf