1. EXPLORING MARRIAGES AND FAMILY, 2 ND EDITION Karen Seccombe © 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 Looking Ahead: Helping Families Flourish

2. What Do Families Need to Flourish? Family Resilience –Resilience: A multi-faceted ability to thrive despite adversity © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. What Do Families Need to Flourish? Individual, Family, and Community Factors –Individual-Level Protective Factors: Traits including a positive self-concept, sociability, intelligence and scholastic competence, autonomy, self-esteem, androgyny, good communication and problem-solving skills, humor, and good mental and physical health © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. What Do Families Need to Flourish? –Family Protective Factors: Family characteristics or dynamics that shape the family’s ability to endure in the face of risk factors –Family Recovery Factors: Family characteristics or dynamics that assist families in bouncing back from a crisis situation © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. What Do Families Need to Flourish? –Community Factors: Community features that help promote resilience, such as social networks and religious and faith-based fellowships What Is Missing? Macro-Level Factors © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Family Policy A “Selective” Approach to Family Benefits –Selective Programs: Programs for which only a select group of people is eligible –Means-Tested Programs: Programs for which beneficiaries need to meet some eligibility requirement to qualify © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Family Policy A “Universal” Approach to Family Benefits –Universal Programs: Programs to help strengthen all families without any eligibility requirement –Progressive Taxation: A tax system under which those who earn more pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes than those who earn less © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Table 15.1 Child Policies in 23 Developed Countries Compared with the United States © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Table 15.1 Child Policies in 23 Developed Countries Compared with the United States © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Building Resilience: General Policies and Programs to Support Families National Health Insurance: A health care system for all citizens that considers health care a public right Maternity and Family Leave: A paid and guaranteed leave from work to care for children, including after the birth of a child © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Table 15.2 A Comparison of Maternal Mortality (Deaths) per 100,000 Live Births © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Table 15.2 A Comparison of Maternal Mortality (Deaths) per 100,000 Live Births © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Table 15.3 A Comparison of Maternity Leave Benefits in Developing and Developed Nations © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Building Resilience: General Policies and Programs to Support Families Flexible Time and Place of Employment –Flextime: Flexibility in the daily hours of work –Flexplace: Flexibility in the location of work, including working from home –Telecommuting: Flexibility in the location of working from home © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Table 15.4 Characteristics of Workers Benefitted by Minimum Wage Increase to $7.25 in 2009 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Building Resilience: General Policies and Programs to Support Families Living Wage Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) –Defined as a refundable federal tax credit for low-income working families that reduces the amount of taxes owed © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Building Resilience: General Policies and Programs to Support Families Welfare: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) –Defined as the principal cash welfare program in the United States Child Tax Credit © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. Specific Policies and Programs for Children Early Childhood Interventions –Defined as attempts to maintain or improve the quality of life for young children Children’s Health Insurance Program Child Support Childcare Policies © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

19. Figure 15.1 Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit Lift Millions Out of Poverty (Millions) © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. Figure 15.2 TANF’s Role as a Safety Net Has Declined Sharply Over Time © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. Figure 15.3 Uninsured Children by Poverty Status, Household Income, Age, Race and Hispanic Origin, and Nativity: 2011 © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

22. Specific Policies and Programs for the Elderly Social Security and Economic Well-Being –Cumulative Advantage and Disadvantage: Early life chances that influence status in later life Health Policy © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. Figure 15.4 Distribution of Average Medicare Household Spending © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

24. What Have We Learned? Linking the Micro-Level and Macro-Level Perspectives: Putting our Choices in Social Context Families Change: Can We Return to the “Good Old Days”? © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

25. What Have We Learned? Social Science Theory and Research: Can It Tell Me Right from Wrong? © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.