1. URBANIZATION “Cities have always been the fireplaces of civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into the dark, cold world.” - Theodore Parker

2. MEGACITIES

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION Transportation  Access to water routes more important prior to railroads  NYC, Pittsburgh, San Francisco  Fall Line cities – NYC, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Richmond Va., Columbia SC, Columbus Ga.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  SITE  SITE – the physical characteristics of a specific area commerce defense  Originally located for commerce and defense  peninsulas and islands for earliest cities (Venice, Paris)  hills useful because of defense and drainage (Rome)

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION fresh water  Access to fresh water  domestic consumption industrialization, standard of living population growth  level of industrialization, standard of living, and population growth

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  Geological character - Manhattan Island on stable bedrock - Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on earthquake and flood plains

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  SITUATION  SITUATION – relative location of a place  Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fields  Birmingham, England – near coal deposits  Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally located around diamond mines  Houston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of Mexico  Chicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to Corn Belt

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION  SITUATION – relative location of a place Situation can change over time – + discovery of new resource + construction of new recreational lake - change in transportation patterns - agricultural areas effected by drought

9. FUNCTIONS OF A CITY  Jobs and Services  Residential  Trade and Commerce  Manufacturing  Public Administration  Personal Services

10. IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON URBANIZATION  Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years since 1800  Mechanization has brought an increased flow of migrant labor  England was the first place in world history to have more urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)  In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!

11. METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US JOHN BORCHERT  Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)  Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward Europe  Boston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small domestic hinterlands  Iron Horse Epoch (183-1870)  Crude national railroad network  Railroads converged with internal waterways  Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop

12. METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US JOHN BORCHERT  Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)  Rapid development of iron and steel industries  Rapid industrial growth within Northeast and Midwest  Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)  Complex highway and air transportation  Improved amenities and speed led to increase suburban development  Sunbelt migration

13. Bid Rent Theory Related to the “gravity model” and “distance decay.”

15. Edge Cities

16. Central Place TheorySpatial distribution of cities/service centers is a hexagon w/CP in the middle Walter Christaller Node

17. PRIMATE CITY STATUS A country’s leading city is always is proportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. - Mark Jefferson

18. PRIMATE CITY STATUS Not all countries have a primate city India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro

19. RANK-SIZE RULE The second and subsequent smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. The second city would be ½ the size of the largest city; the third largest city would be 1/3 of the size, etc. - George Zipf

20. RANK-SIZE RULE Paris (2.2 million) v. Marseilles (800,000) London (6.9 million) v. Birmingham (1 million) Mexico City (9.8 million) v. Guadalajara (1.7 million)

21. MEGALOPOLIS Jean Gottman (1950s) 300 mile stretch of BosWash Greek for “very large city” Inter-linked relationships between a variety of culturally and political urban areas

22. MEGALOPOLIS Initially colonial settlements from the 1400’s and grew into villages, then cities, and now urban areas As time progressed, the need for tight communication between Boston and Washington increased dramatically Currently contains 17% of the country’s total population in only 1.5% of the total area of the country

23. MEGALOPOLIS Economic activity, transportation, commuting, and communications linkages are most important Government center, banking center, media center, academic center, immigration center, clothing manufacturing, cultural center 40% of all commercial international air-passenger departures have Megalopolitan origins 30% of American export trade passes through the ports of Megalopolis

24. PRIMATE CITY of the World New York, New York The City That Never Sleeps!

25. INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT “HE WHO HAS THE GOLD, MAKES THE RULE!”

26. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution – w,w,w,w,h

27. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION

28. LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES Location theoryLocation theory helps explain the spatial positioning of industries and their successes or failures Transportation infrastructureTransportation, labor, energy, infrastructure costs are all a part in the location of heavy industries

29. LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES Weber’s least-cost theoryWeber’s least-cost theory Growth or decline of industries are influenced by political and environmental fluctuations

30. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION Global industrial pattern dominated by the first countries that industrialized coresperipheriesEvolution of 3 economic cores and peripheries

31. GROWTH AND DIFFUSION North American manufacturing complex largesNorth American manufacturing complex is the largest in the world today Asian Pacific Rimfastest growingAsian Pacific Rim is the fastest growing industrial region in the world today

32. LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT gaps between rich and poorEnormous gaps between rich and poor, both globally and regionally core-periphery relationshipUnderlying economic disparities is a core-periphery relationship among different regions of the world

33. LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT primary sector quaternary sector21 st century opened with some countries stuck in the primary sector whereas some were pushing the quaternary sector Rapid developmentRapid development is usually associated with democracy, but some are growing under authoritarian regimes as well

34. CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS Spatial organization of world economySpatial organization of world economy

35. ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING tertiary sectorDeclining cost of transportation and communication led to enormous changes in tertiary sector in 20 th century Technology is accelerating the pace of life

36. ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING Deindustrialization core peripheryDeindustrialization in core has led to growth of labor intensive manufacturing in the periphery International labor globalizationInternational labor has increased globalization leading to both positive and negative impacts

37. QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

39. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE & SUSTAINABILITY

40. IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION & DEVELOPMENT

41. CRITIQUES OF MODELS Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory  Core  Semi-periphery  Periphery

42. CRITIQUES OF MODELS Alfred Weber – Least Cost Theory #1 cost in industrial location… transportation of raw materials to factory as well as finished product to market Cost-minimizing and Profit-maximizing theories have their impact as well

43. AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

44. DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION NEOLITHIC REVOLUTIONNEOLITHIC REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w SECOND AG REVOLUTIONSECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w THIRD AG REVOLUTIONTHIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

45. AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS Upper SE Asian Mainland Lower SE Asian Mainland Eastern India SWA East African Highlands Meso-America North-Central China Mediterranean Basin Western Sudan Andean Highlands Eastern South America

46. AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES Nigerian women spread seeds Slash and burn in Peru Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

47. AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

48. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION Hunting & GatheringHunting & Gathering Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation (slash-and- burn) Pastoral NomadismPastoral Nomadism

49. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION Subsistence AgSubsistence Ag Commercial AgCommercial Ag Mixed Crop & LivestockMixed Crop & Livestock

50. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION Dairy FarmingDairy Farming Grain FarmingGrain Farming Livestock RanchingLivestock Ranching

51. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION Mediterranean AgMediterranean Ag Commercial Gardening/Fruit FarmingCommercial Gardening/Fruit Farming Plantation FarmingPlantation Farming

52. AGRICULTURAL FLOWS Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange NAFTANAFTA

53. von THUNEN von THUNEN MODEL Originator of spatial models maximizing the profitFocused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands

54. von THUNEN von THUNEN MODEL “Isolated state”“Isolated state” – no trade connections Possessed only one market Located centrally in the state Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it maximum profitsFarmers sought maximum profits

55. von THUNEN von THUNEN MODEL

60. MODERN AG REVOLUTION seed management improvements intensive agriculture larger harvestsThe complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland increased crop yields1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

61. MODERN AG REVOLUTION 1965-1983 average yields Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;

62. MODERN AG REVOLUTION PINGS extended life expectanciesAdvancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies PEDS new technologiesPEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies

63. MODERN AG REVOLUTION HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPSHIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS New variations of seeds/plants Irrigation Mechanization Fertilization Use of pesticides More food

64. MODERN AG REVOLUTION IrrigationIrrigation has destroyed large tracts of land Ground water depletion Conflict between agricultural societies and urban sprawl

65. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectorsBlending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

66. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN AG REVOLUTION Increased mechanization biotechnologyDevelopment of biotechnology

67. HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?