2. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 1 PENETRATION OF HIGH DENSITY TUNGSTEN BASE POROUS JETS MEIR MAYSELESS & DOV IPS-15-7

3. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2 OUTLINE -INTRODUCTION -POWDERS -SIMULATIONS -CONCLUSIONS

4. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 1. The need to avoid plugging in the formed hole by the slug 2. The low cost of their production 3. The deep and wide penetration they achieve in the rock formation 4. The high efficiency of their penetration depth capabilities into rocks POROUS POWDERED LINERS ARE BEING USED BECAUSE 3

5. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 1.The porosity 2.The relatively high density 3.The very short standoff in which they typically operate POROUS POWDERED LINERS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY 4 W Cu Powder R. Brown et. al. 1992

6. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe POROUS POWDERED LINERS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY 1.Shape 2.Density 3.Porosity 3. Composition of the liner material 4. Size distribution and morphology of particles 5.Type of powder (coated, strength, reactive…) 6.Manufacturing process ALL THESE POINTS ARE CRUCIAL FOR ACHIEVING HIGH PERFORMANCES 5

7. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 1.The radial expansion 2.The breakup phenomenon 3.The density changes during flight 4.The slug structure 5.Their penetration characteristics POROUS POWDERED JETS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY 6

8. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe RADIAL EXPANSION 7 750m/s 1050m/s1230m/s SCAN SOLID POROUS

9. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 8 MODELLING POWDERED JETS PENETRATION

10. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 9 MODELLING POWDERED JETS PENETRATION

11. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe SCAN 10 MODELLING POWDERED JETS PENETRATION P

12. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 11 MAIN REASONS : High density jet tip to penetrate the Gun and the Case At low density > low penetration rate > wider crater No jet breakup > straight jet > enables longer jet and tail penetration WHY ARE POROUS POWDERED JETS SO EFFECTIVE?

13. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe OPERATIONAL METHODS CONSTAINS RESULTS IN: GENERALLY SPEAKING, AS A RESULT OF THE OPERATIONAL METHOD, THE JETS NEED TO BE LONG, HENCE THEIR TIP VELOCITY NEEDS TO BE HIGH. THE EFFECTIVE TAIL VELOCITY DEPENDS ON THE TARGET PROPERTIES, STRENGTH AND PRESSURE. TO ACHIEVE THESE REQUIREMENTS WE NEED TO OPERATE IN TWO MAIN DIRECTIONS: 1.DESIGN CORRECTLY THE SHAPED CHARGE GEOMETRY 2.USE THE CORRECT MATERIAL COMPOSITION THESE TWO REQUIREMENTS SHOULD BE COMBINED ! 12

14. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 13 The challenges today are greater than before since people started to recognize the importance of: 1.The internal pressure in the formation 2.The liquid or gas in the saturated rock 3.The exact morphology of the rock 4.The potential behind reactive jets 5.The very deep wells (temperature, pressure) 6.Crater channel profile CHALLANGES

15. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe POWDER COMRESSIBILITY PARAMETERS - Particle Shape - Particle hardness - Internal Porosity - Particle size distribution - Alloying elements - Lubricants - Pressing pressure 14

16. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 15 COATED 85W-15Cu (CCTP 85 S) CONTROLLED PACKING WITH COATING TECHNOLOGY

17. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 16 FRACTOGRAPH OF PRESSED CONES Cu-W-PbW-Cu Materials (2) X500 50 μ Filling of space

18. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 17 MICROSTRUCTURE W-Cu-Pb-C W-Cu-Pb-C

19. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 18 SLUG Cu-W-Pb X500 50 μ

20. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 19 70% Max. Tungsten Packing Max. Tungsten Packing By Mixture of Particle Sizes By Mixture of Particle Sizes Optimal packing Packing Density (D) % Large Small 100% Large DL Large Maximum Medium Small DS Coarse W Medium W Small W  Mixing different particle size Improves Packing Density.  Small particles fills voids between large particles.  70% large particles and 30% small (% Vol.) leads to optimal packing.

21. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 20 POWDER COMPOSITION EFFECTS Penetration depth in a steel target versus focal distance for a ZKM-38 shaped charge with a liner of a W–Cu–Sn porous composite (curve 1 for ρ00 = 10.16 g/cm3), W–Pb composite (curve 2for ρ00 =12.24 g/cm3), copper (curve 3 for ρ00 = 6.60 g/cm3 and curve 4 for ρ00 = 3.76 g/cm3 [7]), and nickel (curve 5 for ρ00 = 4.57 g/cm3 [7]). Yu. I. Voitenkoa1, S. V. Goshovskiia, A. G. Drachuka, V. P. Bugaets, “Mechanical Effect of Shaped Charges with Porous Liners”. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 109–116, 2013. 10.16 g/cm3 12.24 g/cm3 6.60 g/cm3 4.57 g/cm3 3.76 g/cm3

22. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 21 GRAIN SIZE EFFECTS (Cu) Penetration depth of shaped charge ZG2-42 versus grain size of the powdered liner material. Yu. I. Voitenkoa1, S. V. Goshovskiia, A. G. Drachuka, V. P. Bugaets, “Mechanical Effect of Shaped Charges with Porous Liners”. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 109–116, 2013.

23. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 22 Influence of the grain size of Cu-W on the jet behavior and comparison with solid copper A. Lichtenberger –Tungsten Refractory Metals & Alloys (4) 1998

24. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 23 W-Cu density versus Wt % & Vol. %

25. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 24 THE “FOCUSING” or “CHANNELING” EFFECT POROUS JET The higher the density of the powder the lower the dispersion

26. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 25 AXIAL STRENGTH EFFECT Larry Behrmann Sclumberger

27. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 26 SMALLER CRATER DELAYED AND LARGE COLLAPSE OF THE CRATER WALL THAT MIGHT DISTURBE THE SLOWER PARTS OF THE JET HIGHER CUTOFF VELOCITY ROCK PRESSURE AND STRENGTH EFFECTS HOW TO COPE WITH THE PROBLEM?? INNOVATION

28. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe POROUS SC LINERS NEEDS New avenues: Hybrid liners Metal layer in the liner-explosive interface, for good mismatch Metal layer in the liner free interface to reduce jet radial expansion but to increase target radial enlargement. 27

29. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 28 SIMULATIONS NEEDED Some effects need to be evaluated by fully numerical codes Some effects can be better simulated by an engineering model, like SCAN Los Alamos Laboratory -- Using PAGOSA to model shaped explosive Experiment SCAN

30. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 29 High density porous jets were found to perform very well in soil materials. In our opinion, porous jets can be further improved by employing a theoretical approach like the one applied here using the SCAN code and by employing the correct material blend for the liner CONCLUSIONS The penetration of a straight jet stops only if the jet cannot overcome the soil compression strength or if it becomes much wider than the crater width, causing a choking effect.

31. 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 2015 International Perforating Symposium Europe 30 THANKS