3. Rack & Pinion Parallelogram

4.  Used on older cars  Mostly used on trucks and SUV’s today  Parts of a typical system  Steering column  Gearbox  Pitman arm  Center link  Idler arm  Inner and outer tie rod ends  Steering knuckles Center Link

9. Used on most newer cars Parts of a typical system Steering column Rack and pinion assembly Tie rods Steering knuckles

12. Uses hydraulic pressures to make steering easier Parts of system Belt Pump Hoses Piston Control valves Power steering pump Some are electric

13. Independent system Wheels move independent of each other Non-independent system Movement of one wheel moves the other Solid axle

14. Frame or unibody Shocks Springs  Torsion bar Leaf Struts  Air bag Chapter 14 © 2007 Rolling Hills Publishing www.AutoUpkeep.com 14

15. TYPES

16. Coil springs are made of special round spring steel wrapped in a helix shape. 1.Coil diameter 2.Number of coils 3.Height of spring 4.Diameter of the steel coil that forms the spring COIL SPRINGS Characteristics of a coil spring (strength, etc.) depend on: Continued

22. All suspensions use springs with a common characteristic described Robert Hooke (1635–1703). An English physicist, he discovered force the characteristics of springs Figure 85–8 This spring was depressed 4 inches due to a weight of 2,000 Ib. This means that this spring has a spring rate (K) of 500 Ib per inch (2000 4 in.500 Ib./in.) Deflection (movement or deformation) of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force. Hooke’s Law

23. Leaf springs are constructed of one or more strips of long, narrow spring steel. These metal strips, called leaves, are assembled with plastic or synthetic rubber insulators between the leaves, allowing for freedom of movement during spring operation. Continued Figure 85–18 A typical leaf spring used on the rear of a pickup truck showing the plastic insulator between the leaves, which allows the spring to move without creating wear or noise.

24. Shackles allow for rearward movement as the spring hits a bump. Continued