1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences March 7 Lecture 52

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4. 4 Reminder Due to unforeseen circumstances, I must cancel my office hours on Friday, March 7. I will resume office hours next week, on Friday, March 14.

5. A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 5

6. 6 Physical Health: 1. Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity? (continued)

7. 7 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. contrast sex differences in mortality in distinct regions of the world. 3. identify sex differences in the leading causes of death among Canadians. 2. explain cultural variation in sex differences in mortality.

8. 8 5. describe the developmental trajectory associated with sex differences in morbidity. 6. discuss the relationship between sex differences in morbidity and gender equality. 4. identify sex differences in morbidity rates among Canadians.

9. 9 Are there sex differences in mortality and morbidity? (continued)

10. AgeMaleFemale Male:Female Death Ratio 1-41,1469091.26 5-142712021.34 15-241,6526512.54 25-341,8458212.25 35-443,6172,1671.67 45-548,4825,5111.54 55-6414,8299,3841.58 65-7422,75315,8051.44 75-8435,64932,9411.08 > 8524,89844,533.56 10 Annual Number of Deaths by Sex and Age (Statistics Canada, 2010)

11. 11  Consistent with these findings, the current and projected life expectancies of females in Canada and other “developed” countries exceed those of males:

12. MalesFemales Life expectancy at birth in 2002 Life expectancy at birth in 2031 Current and Projected Life Expectancies for Males and Females in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2010; World Factbook, 2012) 79.084.0 81.986.0 12

13. 13  Sex differences in life expectancy are more variable in “developing” countries than in developed countries. Nevertheless, in the vast majority of countries, females outlive males:

14. CountryMaleFemaleDifference Canada79845 US76815 Australia79845 New Zealand79834 France78846 Germany76826 Great Britain77825 Italy79856 Portugal75827 Bulgaria70788 Poland72808 Romania71787 Russia607313 Estimated Life Expectancies Around the World (World Factbook, 2009, 2012) CountryMaleFemaleDifference Cambodia61665 China73774 Philippines69756 Bangladesh58635 India66682 Nepal65683 Afghanistan48513 Iraq69723 Kuwait76793 Botswana5755-2 Rwanda57603 Uganda52553 Zimbabwe5251 14

15. 15  Today, “lifestyle” diseases are the primary causes of death among Canadians. The mortality rates for the 5 top causes of death in Canada are higher among males than females:

16. Cause of DeathMaleFemale Male:Female Death Ratio Cancer207.7143.81.44 Heart disease160.191.51.75 Cerebrovascular disease 35.230.21.17 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 34.119.81.72 Accidents (unintentional injuries) 35.616.52.16 Annual Death Rates (Per 100,000) for Leading Causes of Death (Statistics Canada, 2010, 2012) 16

17. 17 2.Morbidity  As life span has lengthened, morbidity rates have increased.  Females suffer more acute illnesses and nonfatal chronic illnesses than males.

18. Chronic ConditionPercent of MalesPercent of Females Arthritis1728 Hypertension1318 Migraines311 Asthma710 Bronchitis/Emphysema23 Heart disease63 Diabetes97 Prevalence of Chronic Conditions Among Individuals Aged 45-64 by Sex (Statistics Canada, 2009, 2012) 18

19. 19 Chronic Condition Percent of Males Percent of Females Arthritis3453 Glaucoma2029 Back problems2226 Stomach ulcers45 Bowel disorders35 Chemical sensitivities 24 Urinary incontinence 912 Prevalance of Chronic Conditions Among Individuals Aged 65 or Older by Sex (Statistics Canada, 2003, 2012) Chronic Condition Percent of Males Percent of Females Asthma69 Fibromyalgia13 Thyroid condition 519 Migraines47 Heart disease 2218 Diabetes2114 Cancer74 19

20. 20  Moreover, although the morbidity-free life expectancy of both females and males has declined, it has declined more dramatically among females than males:

21. MalesFemales Average number of morbidity-free years in 1989 54.755.3 Average number of morbidity-free years in 2000 53.951.0 Morbidity-Free Life Expectancy by Sex and Year (Perenboom et al., 2005) 21

22. 22  In childhood, morbidity is greater among males than females. The sex difference reverses in pre- adolescence, with females reporting greater morbidity.  Sex differences in morbidity are smaller in countries with a relatively high Gender Development Index.

23. 23 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. contrast sex differences in mortality in distinct regions of the world. 3. identify sex differences in the leading causes of death among Canadians. 2. explain cultural variation in sex differences in mortality.

24. 24 5. describe the developmental trajectory associated with sex differences in morbidity. 6. discuss the relationship between sex differences in morbidity and gender equality. 4. identify sex differences in morbidity rates among Canadians.