1. Doris Hamill NASA Langley Research Center FISO Telecon June 5, 2013

2. Mission: Incomplete 2 Understand environment Discover civilian uses Develop enabling technology Establish engineering standards Determine safe operational practices Enable routine use science economic benefit civil space national security NASA has no plans to extend activity in near space beyond ISS. Transition NASA’s experience base in near space to self- sustaining uses. Don’t repeat post- Apollo mistake.

3. What is Near Space? 3 a mediuma place atmosphere, oceanlikefrontier get somewhere elsegoaldo something there NASA explorationaccording tonational security commercial NASA science reduce transit cost enable destination activity invest toimprove transportation reduce operations cost launch propulsion human presence invest ininfrastructure asteroid moon Mars ?

4. NASA Role in Settling Near Space 4 E NABLE P ROSPERITY C REATE W EALTH InfrastructureCapital assets General welfarePrivate profit Longer termShorter term E NABLE P ROSPERITY C REATE W EALTH InfrastructureCapital assets General welfarePrivate profit Longer termShorter term

5. Near-term, Value-Added Uses 5 Solving the launch cost problem will not remove all the inhibitors to self-sustaining use of near space. New, value-added function Relevant Space-faring Community Technology readiness Commercial Potential Inhibitor(s) Satellite Servicing commercial national security good strong end-to-end cost risk time value of money Debris hazard mitigation LEO NASA mixed some cost-effective removal GEO national security commercial good strong end-to-end cost risk time value of money Space situational awareness Natural hazards NASA national security good modest cost Man-made situations national security commercial fair good end-to-end cost risk time value of money On-orbit assembly and check-out all mixed good end-to-end cost risk time value of money Space qualifying new technology all good end-to-end cost risk time value of money Infrastructure

6. A Near Space, Multi-purpose “City” Capture ISS heritage / lessons learned ‒Modules and nodes ‒Standard components, interfaces Enable near-term, value-added uses ‒Urban efficiencies ‒Serve all space-faring communities ‒Multiple, smaller business cases: B2B 6

7. Keeping It Real Realistic budget profile ‒Economies of scale ‒Incremental build ‒Flexible, situational expansion ‒Ubiquitous robotics, optionally manned Pragmatic, value-added uses Exit strategy for NASA 7

8. The System Vision Non-degrading orbit Serviceable, maintainable, upgradeable Free space platform with the ability to expand modularly without limit Initially: high earth orbit Ultimately: Lagrange points, deep space Structural focus with infrastructure Crystal-like geometry for growth Standard interfaces for new modules Multi-purpose for NASA, national security, and commercial uses 8

9. What Could You Do With PISCES? RoboticHuman Depot Dilute aperture imaging observatory Tank Farm Research by humans Retail stores Fuel production and storage Radio observatoryIncineratorCrew quartersArboretum Refueling station Communications node External servicing robots HospitalGymnasium Recharging stationNavigation systemService robot lotPort of entryLounge Satellite rescueTerminalSync watchShelter Decontamination station Tug stationFactory Orbital police station Gravity spa External work vehicles Crew rescue / emergency return Robotic garageNEO watchResortMovie studio Development testing Robotic workshopSupply storeConference center Graduate studies center Space yardPower stationGraveyardArenaFamily residences Research without humans Waste management[what else?]Service vehicle lotFarm Vivarium Orbital debris mitigation Vehicle repair station [what else?] Optical observatoryWarehouseWorkshop 9

10. Commercial Key, Integrating Element National Security Technical capabilities in development Mission scenarios under consideration In-space robotics Autonomous rendezvous and docking In-space propulsion Ion propulsion Virtual presence Space solar power Deployable structures Inflatable structures Commercial logistics Manned lunar Manned Mars Lagrange / other staging Next generation, high-orbit assets Advanced telescopes Rapid repair / reconstitution Advanced deep space probes Commercial development of space Asteroids Affordable space NASA 10

11. A Modular Paradigm Thrust line for mobile spacecraft Open-ended for space structures Flat for surface structures 11 Modules Pressurized volumes Open trusses Docking portals / airlocks Utilities Nodes Nodes Mechanical connection Standard utility interfaces Shaped for architecture

12. Engineering for the Modular Paradigm Mission System Feasible, near term Multi-user utility Programmatically flexible High visibility, politically supportable Engineering Development Foundational architecture Envelope dimensions and capabilities Standardize interfaces Accommodate ubiquitous robotics Useful beyond / outside PISCES 12

13. The Engineering Challenge Develop and integrate independent elements for use across time hased xpandable eneral rchitecture for ystems sing egments No inherent limit on size An architecture that can apply to qualitatively different types of systems and missions Structures including systems, and subsystems Volumes, structures, and major subsystems that can be assembled as modular segments 13 Define / develop the modular paradigm

14. Why PEGASUS? Break cost/risk paradigm – Work within available resources – Greater system-level tolerance for risk Flexible: enables multiple missions – Human and robotic – Exploration and science – Orbital, deep space, and surface – Commercial, national security Robust: Reliable, affordable, long-term solution 14

15. PEGASUS Program Concept Harvest lessons from ISS, others Use PISCES mission set to identify needed functionalities Define architecture(s), envelopes, interfaces – Optimize for durable, system-focused approach – Growth potential including P 3 I LEO flight demo – Prototype for PISCES – Transition to commercial: business pathfinder for PISCES 15

16. Exit Strategy for NASA time  16 NASA PEGASUS  PISCES National Security Community Commercial Service Providers NASA Exploration NASA Science Municipality P3IP3I Commercial Users Design Develop Establish operations Operate infra- structure Design, develop, deploy, operate mission modules

17. Pressures on NASA Compelling, Next Generation Agency-Level Vision Compelling, Next Generation Agency-Level Vision Flexibility to Accommodate Future Resource Constraints Flexibility to Accommodate Future Resource Constraints 17 High Cost of Space Cooperate with Other Space Users Cooperate with Other Space Users Encourage Commercial Participation Encourage Commercial Participation Support New Technology Development Support New Technology Development

18. Compelling, Next Generation Agency-Level Vision Compelling, Next Generation Agency-Level Vision Flexibility to Accommodate Future Resource Constraints Flexibility to Accommodate Future Resource Constraints 18 High Cost of Space Cooperate with Other Space Users Cooperate with Other Space Users Encourage Commercial Participation Encourage Commercial Participation Support New Technology Development Support New Technology Development Is PISCES the Right Future for NASA?

19. 19 Doris Hamill doris.l.hamill@nasa.gov (757) 864-8041

20. NASA on the Aerospace FrontierExploit to improve human wellbeing EngineeringOperations 20Enable human presence beyond earth TechnologyEngineering Explore to satisfy human curiosity ScienceTechnology

21. 21 Notional PISCES Mission Priorities

22. Notional Economic Payoff 22