1. The Geographic Approach to Problems 1The exploration of spatial arrangement: the distribution of spatial phenomena 2The exploration of the relationships between the factors studied in 1 above 3The exploration of spatial process: changes in the factors and relationships that produce changes in location and usage

2. Spatial Arrangement Just the facts ma’am Skill in selection Diligence in compilation –mapping - if appropriate

3. Linkages between Factors Relationships that have a cause/effect appearance –note may appear related but still need justification (perfect correlations may be useless) Simple relationship - simpler explanations Complex, multiple relationships?

4. Spatial Process - Change Over Time If the process is understood, can the relationships be projected into the future? –If age is an influence on actions, then knowledge of future age groups should help –do not bet the farm As any factor changes, an interlinked system will adjust –large scale projects - time for development

5. CONCLUSIONS The Geography of Recreation deals with the location and use of recreation facilities We need to understand the motivations of population segments The end results are a product of multiple factors, all interacting and all changeable

6. Recreation and Tourism are Loosey-Goosey terms

7. DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS Problems with setting definitions 1Disagreement on range and wording of definitions range of opportunities within a set definition (example of dining) general agreement may be wrong

8. 2The straightjacket of definitions studies pushing the boundaries may not ‘fit’ general acceptance of research (problem of limiting understanding) 3Change over time subjects change over time (additions, subtractions)

9. NEED FOR DEFINITION 1The advantage of focus Difficulty of limiting research (boundaries of areas) 2The need for consistency Need for replication of studies (advantage of confirmation of findings)

10. GOODALL - on recreation - “ANY PURSUIT OR ACTIVITY, UNDERTAKEN VOLUNTARILY, PRIMARILY FOR PLEASURE AND SATISFACTION, DURING LEISURE TIME”

11. LEISURE Disagreements about the meaning of leisure –can you be at leisure if you are disadvantaged? Webster’s definition - “freedom provided by the cessation of activities, especially time free from work or duties” free timespare time optional time - discretionary timeUse then as free time, or spare time, or optional time - discretionary time

12. DIVISION OF ACTIVITY AND TIME Leisure then, as discretionary time, is outside of survival time recreation then is activity within leisure time –question is the use of the time - what is recreational?

13. From the Statement - a set of ideas related to opportunity, choice and a state of mind 1Available opportunities 2Choice of participation or not 3Satisfaction of the mind/spirit - gratification 4Having leisure time in which to recreate

14. Available Opportunities Opportunity refers to having ‘things to do’ - therefore relating to activities Planners and managers with the system are responsible for provision of these opportunities Dangerous possibility that recreation is reduced to participation in activities

15. Definitions + recreation and tourism planners Guided by the definitions tasks –definition of goals/objectives/targets –planning budgets/investment –location and development of sites

16. Definitions + recreation and tourism planners If recreation is ‘activities’ - may lead to: 1activities become the ends rather than the means 2supply dictates preferences - latent demand is rarely considered 3demand is seen as past/current consumption

17. Recreation as a List of Activities Additional problems with this approach 1Individual perception of recreational activity will vary from individual to individual - list are inclusive and exclusive 2Situations and factors change meaning that the perception of ‘enjoyable’ recreation can change

18. Opportunity and Availability Also there are problems when we consider that a physical presence (facility and activities) may not mean that there is an opportunity for recreation link to the second consideration - choice

19. “Free” Time? Recreation takes place in leisure time - but that does not remove constraints Lack of money Lack of access Lack of skills Lack of equipment Lack of information Scheduling of the facility Family responsibilities Lack of time

20. So a concern for the provision of opportunities needs a consideration of means Opportunity has to be balanced –concern for mixture of public with private