1. SATIRE A literary manner that blends a critical attitude with humor and wit for the purpose of improving human institutions or humanity

2. INVECTIVE If critics simply abuse, they are writing INVECTIVE From the mouth of a wit, INVECTIVE can be a piercing tool, but when delivered from a shallower mind, invective invariably is simple abuse

3. JEREMIAD If critics are sad and morose over the state of society, they are writing a JEREMIAD From Jeremiah bemoaning the state of the Hebrews to Jonathan Edwards espousing Puritan beliefs to the Christian Coalition trying to restore “values” in the country, the JEREMIAD has always had a popular appeal

4. GREECE AND ROME: Classical Ancestors of Satire Aristophanes Juvenal Horace Martial Petronius

5. THE MIDDLE AGES Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales – Fabliau: “The Miller’s Tale,” “The Reeve’s Tale” – Beast Fable “The Nun’s Priest’s Tale”

6. SPAIN Picaresque Novel – Don Quixote pícaro = rogue or rascal

7. 18 TH -CENTURY ENGLAND John Dryden – Mac Flecknoe Jonathan Swift – A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels Joseph Addison & Richard Steele – The Spectator & The Tatler Alexander Pope – The Rape of the Lock Henry Fielding – Shamela

8. 19 TH -CENTURY ENGLAND George Gordon, Lord Byron – Don Juan William Makepeace Thackeray – Vanity Fair

9. 20 TH -CENTURY ENGLAND George Bernard Shaw – Pygmalion Noel Coward – The Vortex Evelyn Waugh – Decline and Fall Aldous Huxley – Brave New World

10. DIRECT SATIRE The satiric voice speaks, usually in the first person, either directly to the reader or to a character in the satire, called the ADVERSARIUS DIRECT or FORMAL satire is fundamentally of two types: HORATIAN and JUVENALIAN

11. INDIRECT SATIRE The satire is expressed through a narrative and the characters or groups who are the butt are ridiculed not by what is said about them but by what they themselves say and do

12. THE NOVEL The chief vehicle for satire in the modern world. CERVANTES, RABELAIS, VOLTAIRE, SWIFT, FIELDING, AUSTEN, THACKERAY, TWAIN, HUXLEY, ORWELL, JOSEPH HELLER, and THOMAS PYNCHEON have made extended fictional narratives the vehicles for the satiric treatment of human beings and their institutions

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