1. VARIABLES RELATED TO ARTICULATION AND PHONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE

2. I. INTRODUCTION** There are a number of variables associated with speech sound acquisition. Research: can only demonstrate correlation, not cause-and-effect- relationships.

3. II. GENETIC FACTORS (all this in II is Ukrainetz & Spencer)** Ukrainetz, T.A., & Spencer, T.D. (2015). Sorting the learning disorders: Language impairment and reading disability. In T.A. Ukrainetz (Ed.), School-age language intervention: Evidence-based practices (155-205). Austin, TX: Pro- Ed.

4. Molecular Genetics:

6. SSD Reading disabiity Language Impairment Genetics

7. III. ENVIRONMENT

8. IV.FAMILIAL AND PERSONAL FACTORS

9. Intelligence

10. Research shows:

11. Youtube video Down Syndrome Child Talking (Ciarra’s mom) What errors do you hear? Write them down as you listen.

12. V. LANGUAGE SKILLS

13. Speech sound errors especially increase when children are trying to produce:

14. Izzy has an /r/ problem and a language impairment—we’re using a classroom book

15. Working on /r/ with Izzy, /s/ with Gabe; using spelling book from 3 rd grade classroom

16. V. TONGUE THRUST A. Introduction

18. Orofacial Myology is:

22. B. Characteristics of Tongue Thrust

23. Youtube video Tongue thrust Dan Hanson

26. On p. 188, your text says:** “Treatment for tongue thrust is not provided in many public schools unless a child has an accompanying SSD.”

27. But in the public schools….

28. ASHA’s Position:

29. VI. SENSORY VARIABLES A. Oral Sensation Looked at oral stereognosis or form recognition B. Hearing Loss

30. Problems found in children with significant hearing loss: (p. 181; just this on exam from hearing loss section):

31. Youtube video Heather Whitestone Tallahassee times interview

32. C. Auditory Discrimination

33. VII. ANATOMIC, NEUROLOGIC, AND PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS** A. Anatomic Structures 1. Soft palate—may have VPI. Mobility and enough tissue are very important. Need good VP closure for pressure consonants especially—fricatives, affricates, stops May use glottal stops for other sounds. May also have nasal emission and hypernasality.

34. 2. Nasopharynx

37. Unrepaired cleft lip and palate

38. Repaired lip and palate

39. Class II malocclusion (overbite)

40. Class II

41. Underbite (Class III)

42. Open bite

43. Open Bite Repaired

44. Problems with the tongue may include…

45. Ankyloglossia

47. Youtube video Tongue tie ImplantDentistFortLauderdale

48. Cancer of the tongue

51. B. Neurological Factors

52. Youtube Dysarthria speech Spastic dysarthria 1/5

53. 2. Cerebral Palsy

54. 3. Apraxia of speech

56. VIII MOTOR SKILLS