1. The Church’s Social Documents 1891-2015

2. Rerum NovarumRerum Novarum: The Condition of Labor Pope Leo XIII 1891 The later documents almost always make reference to this encyclical. Some are released on anniversaries of its publishing date. The particular concern of this document is the situation of the poor and working class in industrialized countries.

3. Rerum Novarum: The Condition of Labor Responding to 3 major events: –French “Enlightenment” or Revolution “Spirit of revolutionary change” –Industrial Revolution Exploitation of labor (especially women and children) in Europe and North America particularly. –Marxism and Socialism Removing private property for the state Emphasizing the rights of workers to unionize, to receive a just wage, and to own private property.

4. Rerum NovarumRerum Novarum: The Condition of Labor “But, if Christian precepts prevail, the respective classes will not only be united in the bonds of friendship, but also in those of brotherly love. For they will understand and feel that all men are children of the same common Father, who is God; that all have alike the same last end, which is God Himself, who alone can make either men or angels absolutely and perfectly happy; that each and all are redeemed and made sons of God, by Jesus Christ.” It is the Church’s right and responsibility to speak out about the economic conditions so that the economic classes can be reconciled using Gospel principles.

6. Quadragesimo Anno: After 40 years Pope Pius XI On the anniversary of Rerum Novarum 1931 in a time of major economic depression Evaluation of Rerum Novarum and its impact on society and the groups it addressed. Clarification of the role of the Church in economics, property rights, capital and labor, uplifting of the poor, and social reform. Description of the abuses of both capitalism and socialism and possible remedies.

7. Quadragesimo Anno Evaluation: –There had been an effort to help lower classes –Works of charity had been multiplied –Political leaders were more conscious of their obligations to promote social policy –Laws and programs for the poor were begun –Unions had flourished

8. Quadragesimo Anno Clarification: –The Church has a right and duty to speak on social and economic issues in as much as they affect moral issues. –Double danger of property rights: individualism and collectivism. –Right of ownership is not absolute. –Labor and capital need each other but there should be a just distribution of wealth to serve the common good.

9. Quadragesimo Anno Clarification: –In Western nations the situation of workers has improved but in other parts of the world it has declined, especially rural laborers. –Reiteration of the importance of a just wage –Reform the social order to follow the principle of subsidiarity.

10. Quadragesimo Anno Description: –Capitalism has led to a struggle for domination energized by greed. –Communism supports violence and the abolition of private ownership –Socialism condemns the resort to physical force and moderates the prohibition on private property. –No compromise between Christianity and socialism. –Love and charity based on Gospel principles must be used to reinforce justice.

11. Mater et Magestra: Christianity and Social Progress Pope St. John XXIII 1961 (70 year anniversary) Reviews the previous 2 social encyclicals. Revisits once again a lot of the principles stated before: private property, subsidiarity, just wages, etc. Raises new issues to address Rededicates the Church to applying CST.

12. Mater et Magestra: Christianity and Social Progress New aspects of the social question: Agriculture was a depressed sector leading to greater imbalances between agriculture and industry. Calls for improvement in the conditions of rural workers. Aid to less developed areas: the responsibility for their development should be done locally (subsidiarity) Differences between developing nations and industrial countries: aid should be offered without the intent to dominate.developing nations and industrial countries Population Increase: population control should not be done in a way that violates human dignity

13. African Independence Sudan, Democratic Republic of1 January 1956 Morocco 2, Kingdom of2 March 1956 Tunisia, Republic of20 March 1956 Ghana, Republic of6 March 1957 Guinea, Republic of2 October 1958 Cameroon 3, Republic of1 January 1960 Senegal, Republic of4 April 1960 Togo, Republic of27 April 1960 Mali, Republic of22 September 1960 Madagascar, Democratic Republic of26 June 1960 Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the 30 June 1960 Somalia, Democratic Republic of1 July 1960 Benin, Republic of1 August 1960 Niger, Republic of3 August 1960 Burkina Faso, Popular Democratic Republic of 5 August 1960 Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of (Ivory Coast)7 August 1960 Chad, Republic of11 August 1960 Central African Republic13 August 1960 Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of the15 August 1960 Gabon, Republic of17 August 1960 Nigeria 4, Federal Republic of1 October 1960 Mauritania, Islamic Republic of28 November 1960 Sierra Leone, Republic of27 April 1961 Tanzania, United Republic of9 December 1961 Burundi, Republic of1 July 1962 Rwanda, Republic of1 July 1962 Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of 3 July 1962 Uganda, Republic of9 October 1962 Kenya, Republic of12 December 1963 Malawi, Republic of6 July 1964 Zambia, Republic of24 October 1964 Gambia, Republic of The18 February 1965 Botswana, Republic of30 September 1966 Lesotho, Kingdom of4 October 1966 Mauritius, State of12 March 1968 Swaziland, Kingdom of6 September 1968 Equatorial Guinea, Republic of12 October 1968

14. Gaudium et SpesGaudium et Spes: On the Church in the Modern World Vatican II (under Pope Paul VI) 1965 The duty of the Church to scrutinize the “signs of the times” in light of the gospel The Council elaborated the role of human dignity and the common good, addressed atheism, and expressed the need to apply faith to daily life.

15. Gaudium et Spes: On the Church in the Modern World The major areas of concern, where the gospel needed to be applied most were: Marriage and the Family –Families are the foundation of society –Divorce, excessive self-love, and worship of pleasure are all destructive to marriage. –Marriage is intended for the education and procreation of children. –From the moment of conception life must be protected The Development of Culture –Culture must evolve so as to foster the development of the whole person. –The quest for heaven should inspire Christians to build a more human world on earth.

16. Gaudium et Spes: On the Church in the Modern World Socio-Economic Life –Ongoing imbalance between wealth and poverty. Politics –Public authorities should work for the common good. Peace –Modern weapons put humanity in a crisis situation. –The international community should be built up.

17. Populorum Progressio: On the Development of Peoples Paul VI 1967 Asks the question: What does the authentic development of nations look like? Enlarges our understanding of the struggle between rich and poor classes (Leo XIII) to encompass the conflict between rich and poor nations. First encyclical devoted entirely to the international development issue. Highlighting the economic sources of war so that economic justice could be a basis for creating peace.

18. Populorum Progressio: On the Development of Peoples Criticizes capitalism more than any of his predecessors. –Profit motive should not be driven by greed –Unrestricted right of private propertyprivate property With situations of injustice, the temptation to resort to violence is great but also grave and should be avoided. Too often revolutions have resulted in greater misery.revolutions

19. Humanae Vitae: On the Regulation of Birth Paul VI 1968 4 Prophesies…

20. Octogesima Adveniens: A Call to Action Paul VI 80 year anniversary 1971 Main issue: urbanization Paul VI describes the role that local churches and individuals have in discerning and acting towards justice.

21. Octogesima Adveniens: A Call to Action New social problems: A new loneliness and the possibility of humans becoming slaves to their own creations. Youth are finding dialogue increasingly difficult. Women didn’t have an equal right to participate in social roles. The “new poor” created by urbanization include the handicapped, elderly, and marginalized. Lots of discrimination still exists. The media has both a positive and negative potential. People have a responsibility to protect the environment.

22. Octogesima Adveniens: A Call to Action Paul VI returns to the dangers of Marxism and socialism. Also the way that humans have become an object of science is described which is a problem because science lacks a total picture of humanity.

23. STOP FIRST TEST: Documents 1-6

24. Laborem Excerns: On Human Work St. John Paul II 1981 90 year anniversary of Rerum Novarum Main issue: the right to work and the rights of workers (CST Principle #5) Like the popes before, he is critical of both capitalism and socialism. Emphasizes the priority of labor over capital and people over things. Emigration Issue

25. Communism and JPII One historian who has studied the Communist regimes estimate at total of around 94 million deaths of people under the regimes. 65 million in the People's Republic of China 20 million in the Soviet Union 2 million in Cambodia 2 million in North Korea 1.7 million in Africa 1.5 million in Afghanistan 1 million in the Communist states of Eastern Europe 1 million in Vietnam 150,000 in Latin America (mainly Cuba) 10,000 deaths "resulting from actions of the international Communist movement and Communist parties not in power."[4] He claims that Communist regimes are responsible for a greater number of deaths than any other political ideal or movement, including Nazism. The statistics of victims includes executions, famine, deaths resulting from deportations, physical confinement, or through forced labor.

26. Communism and JPII http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=obR-__x4- uE

27. Test Corrections All corrections must be in complete sentences. 1.Matching 1.Octogesima Adveniens is the Latin name for _________. 2.Circle 1.________ was released in _____, on the _____ year anniversary of Rerum Novarum. 3.Fill in the blank 4.Matching 5.Multiple Choice

28. Familiaris Consortio: On the Christian Family in the Modern World JPII, 1981 Unique role of mothers which should not be forfeited to working outside the home Women should be allowed access to the workplace Necessity to have present and loving fathers Role of the elderly for passing on wisdom and history Role of children to help sanctify their parents

29. Economic Justice for All A reflection on the good qualities of the American economy as well as an address to the new concerns and problems faced in America today. As a “superpower” what type of economic injustices must be addressed at home and abroad? –Poverty rate, defense budget, unemployment, etc. –Arms race, foreign aid (giving without expectation), etc.

30. Economic Justice for All “Economic arrangements … teach virtues—or vices—and day by day help mold our characters. They affect the quality of people's lives; at the extreme even determining whether people live or die. Serious economic choices go beyond purely technical issues to fundamental questions of value and human purpose.” “The U.S. value system emphasizes economic freedom. It also recognizes that the market is limited by fundamental human rights. Some things are never to be bought or sold.”

31. Economic Justice for All “The United States is the major supplier of food to other countries, a major source of arms sales to developing nations and a powerful influence in multilateral institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the United Nations. What Americans see as a growing interdependence is regarded by many in the less-developed countries as a pattern of domination and dependence.” Over the past two decades the nation has come to tolerate an increasing level of unemployment. Among the unemployed are a disproportionate number of blacks, Hispanics, young people, or women who are the sole support of their families. The quality of the national discussion about our economic future will affect the poor most of all, in this country and throughout the world. The life and dignity of millions of men, women, and children hang in the balance.

32. Sollicitudo Rei Socialis: On Social Concern JPII, 1987 20 year anniversary of Populorum Progressio (Paul VI) Conducts a survey of his contemporary world in order to update the need for and direction of authentic international development. In his evaluation of the world situation, JP II recognized that many of the hopes of Paul VI had gone unfulfilled.

33. Sollicitudo Rei Socialis: On Social Concern What JP II saw: Widened gap between the North (developed) and the South (developing). Totalitarianism makes people objects. Housing crisis Underemployment and unemployment had grown Global debt was aggravating underdevelopment CST is equally critical of liberal capitalism and Marxist collectivism.

34. Sollicitudo Rei Socialis: On Social Concern Authentic Development: 1.Problems with underdevelopment and super- development 2.Relationship of “having” and “being”. 3.It is the Church’s responsibility to concern itself with the problems of development. 4.Cooperation is necessary for this task to be accomplished. 5.Respect for the natural world. Call to Conversion Solidarity helps us to see the other as neighbor. An intimate connection between development and liberation.

35. Centisimus Annus: On the Hundredth Anniversary of Rerum Novarum Written by JPII in 1991 (his 9 th encyclical) Recaps Rerum Novarum. Especially emphasizes the historical situation of Eastern Europe and the fall of socialism in most of Eastern Europe, but before the collapse of the Soviet Union. Misses no opportunity to talk about human dignity.

36. Centisimus Annus: On the Hundredth Anniversary of Rerum Novarum Recap of Rerum Novarum: There is no genuine solution to the “social question” apart from the Gospel. There is a need for a just wage, the dignity of work to be recognized, and a right to private property. The criticisms of socialism and liberalism are still relevant today. Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable is reiterated. Oh and don’t forget: human dignity

37. Centisimus Annus: On the Hundredth Anniversary of Rerum Novarum New things: Fundamental error of socialism is a misunderstanding of the human person. This error springs from atheism which then distorts both the order of law and human freedom. This violence can be overcome by justice (the key to a truly peaceful society) Awareness of human rights, due in a large part to the United Nations after 1945, has grown throughout the world. However, the UN has yet to develop a good aid policy or system of conflict resolution.

38. Centisimus Annus: On the Hundredth Anniversary of Rerum Novarum The Year 1989: many oppressive regimes fell, though, throughout the 80’s regimes had begun to fall in 3 rd World countries. Beginning in Poland, the fall then spread to Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. Fall of the Berlin Wall Success of Civil Disobedience (non- violent) In 1991 the Soviet Union was dissolved and 14 independent countries were formed.

39. Centisimus Annus: On the Hundredth Anniversary of Rerum Novarum 1989 showed that CST can be effective when embraced and put into actual practice. Though Marxism had been collapsing, it did not therefore mean that all problems were solved. Still need CST for authentic development. Just because socialism is defeated it does not mean that capitalism is the best or even the only economic model. (Same with politics)

40. Caritas in Veritate: Charity in Truth Written by Benedict XVI in 2009 Christian Realism: where faith and life meet Fighting against relativism “In the present social and cultural context, where there is a widespread tendency to relativize truth, practicing charity in truth helps people to understand that adhering to the values of Christianity is not merely useful but essential for building a good society and for true integral human development.”

41. Caritas in Veritate: Charity in Truth “God is love” (1 Jn 4:8) “Charity is love received and given” “This truth should be loved and demonstrated.” Where is it demonstrated? In society. (CST) “Justice is the primary way of charity” “We ask to what extent Paul VI's expectations have been fulfilled by the model of development adopted in recent decades.”

42. Caritas in Veritate: Charity in Truth Solidarity: “first and foremost a sense of responsibility on the part of everyone with regard to everyone, and it cannot therefore be merely delegated to the State.” JPII Sollicitudo Rei Socialis

43. Laudato Si’: On Care For Our Common Home Pope Francis: Time, my brothers and sisters, seems to be running out; we are not yet tearing one another apart, but we are tearing apart our common home. Today, the scientific community realizes what the poor have long told us: harm, perhaps irreversible harm, is being done to the ecosystem. The earth, entire peoples and individual persons are being brutally punished. And behind all this pain, death and destruction there is the stench of what Basil of Caesarea called “the dung of the devil”. An unfettered pursuit of money rules. The service of the common good is left behind. Once capital becomes an idol and guides people’s decisions, once greed for money presides over the entire socioeconomic system, it ruins society, it condemns and enslaves men and women, it destroys human fraternity, it sets people against one another and, as we clearly see, it even puts at risk our common home.

44. Laudato Si’: On Care For Our Common Home 118: There can be no renewal of our relationship with nature without a renewal of humanity itself. There can be no ecology without an adequate anthropology. When the human person is considered as simply one being among others, the product of chance or physical determinism, then “our overall sense of responsibility wanes”.[96] Human beings cannot be expected to feel responsibility for the world unless, at the same time, their unique capacities of knowledge, will, freedom and responsibility are recognized and valued.