1. Symptoms of urological diseases

2. Changes in urine volume  Anuria - diuresis < 100 ml/24h  Oliguria -diuresis < 500 ml/24h  Polyuria- diuresis > 1500 ml/24h

3. Chages in urine appearance  Haematuria-blood presence in urine  Pyuria : pus presence in urinae  Bacteriuria – bacteria in urine  Leukocyturia- leucocytes in urine

4. Chages in urine appearance  Proteinuria- proteins in urine  Pneumaturia – passage of gass  Stercoruria-stool presence in urine

5. Voiding disorders  Polakisuria or frequency – going to void too often  Urine retention- inability to void – subvesical obstruction  Overflow incontinence – bladder overdistension  Nocturia- frequet voiding on the night  Stranguria – painful voiding

6. Voiding disorders  Urinary incontinence : - Urgent- overactive detrussor - Stress – due to raised abdominal pressure - Reflex - Mixed - Overflow incontinece - Ureteric – ectopic ureteric orifice under the level of sphincter sphincter - Enuresis nocturnal

7. Voiding disorders Dysuria- difficult voiding Dysuria- difficult voiding - Voiding initiation delay - Interrupted voiding - Weak urine stream - Necessity of abdominal pressure during voiding

8. P a i n

9. Renal pain Nefralgia Nefralgia -constant ache in lumbar area caused by distention of renal capsul -constant ache in lumbar area caused by distention of renal capsul - inflamation, tumor, hydronephrosis - inflamation, tumor, hydronephrosis Renal colic Renal colic - colicky pain caused by spam and hyperperistalsis of smooth muscle organ. - colicky pain caused by spam and hyperperistalsis of smooth muscle organ. - radiats from costovertebral angle, toward the lower anterior abdominal quadrant, along the corse of the urether into the scrotum or vulva - radiats from costovertebral angle, toward the lower anterior abdominal quadrant, along the corse of the urether into the scrotum or vulva - passage of blood clot or stone. - passage of blood clot or stone.

10. Vesical pain  Cystalgia - persistant pain localised behinde pubic - persistant pain localised behinde pubic  Painful contraction - spasmodic bladder contraction - spasmodic bladder contraction

11.  Urethralgia - Several pain along the urethra - Inflammation, tumor, foreign body  Prostatic pain - prostatodynia -sharp pain promoting to the perineum  Orchalgia -pain localised it the testes, often propagating along the spermatic cord - inflammation, tumor, torsion

12. Haematuria - Presence of blood in the urine - Danger signal, that cannot be ignored

13. Macrohematuria: - Total - Initial- prostate, urethra - Terminal- urinary bladder Microhemturia: Microhemturia: - Noticeable just with microscope - 4 erytrocytes/fields of view - Dismorphic erytrocytes detected by phase- contrast indicative of glomerular disease

14. Diferential diagnosis Trauma Trauma Urolithiasis Urolithiasis Tumor Tumor Inflammation Inflammation Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis BPH Malformation Sports Coagulophaty

15. Examination Chemical and microscopic examination Chemical and microscopic examination Bacterial culturs Bacterial culturs PCR for TBC PCR for TBC Urine cytology Urine cytology

16. Ultrasonography Pyelolithiasis Pyelolithiasis Trauma Trauma Dilatation of KPS Dilatation of KPS Renal tumor, cysts Renal tumor, cysts Tumor of urinary bladder Anomalies Cystolithiasis BHP

17. CT Trauma Trauma Tumor of urinary tract Tumor of urinary tract Urolithiasis Urolithiasis Abcess Abcess

18. Cystocopy Tumor of urinary bladder Tumor of urinary bladder Varix in urinary bladder Varix in urinary bladder Cystolithiasis Cystolithiasis Fisstula Fisstula