1. Where Are Identities Distributed? 1

2. How we make sense of ourselves Shown through cars, country clubs, clothing, etc Idea that we can buy our identity We construct our own identities through experiences, emotions and connections Places and spaces help us construct identities A snapshot of who we are at a certain moment We define others and others define us Identifying against other people European’s creating a perception of the “Orient” as mystical National identities tied to countries Language and religion 2

3. Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos, meaning “national” Ethnicities share a cultural identity with people from the same homeland Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits Race = people who share a biological ancestor; minor genetic differences among people that developed as humans spread around world People have constructed racial categories to justify power, economic exploitation and cultural oppression 3

4. Biologically there is only one human race Where did we get idea that humans fall into different, unchangeable categories of race? Societies throughout world have drawn distinctions among peoples based on physical attributes Skin is easiest to define because it is visible but not an indicator of genetic closeness “Black” is use to describe different people in different countries- GB-India; Russia- Caucasians (from Caucus Mnt. region) European colonialism- considered themselves superior to “others” Socioeconomic differences can spur racism 4

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6. Regional Clusters (of US) Hispanics/Latinos (15%) SW; most Mexican African Americans (13%) SE Asian Americans (4%) West; most Chinese American Indians/Alaska Natives (1%) SW and Plains states 6

7. Figure 7-3 7

8. Figure 7-4 8

9. Figure 7-2 9

10. Figure 7-1 10

11. Clustering in Cities/Urban areas (90% total pop) African Americans Half of population of Detroit (7% rest MI) and Chicago (1/12 th rest IL) Hispanics NY City 1/4 th (1/14 th rest NY) EL Paso, San Antonio, TX Los Angeles, CA 11

12. Remember: Immigration from Europe shifted from N. Europe to S. Europe in 20 th Century Society redefined what it meant to be “white” so that “olive-colored” skin from Mediterranean was not counted Sometimes definition of race and ethnicity is blurred (2010 census) White from Venezuela, Black from Brazil both considered Hispanic Hispanic “trumped” other identities; better treated as an ethnicity than race Latino/a vs Hispanic 12

13. Remnants of twentieth-century European migration still evident on the landscape Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy, Greektown Seen prominantly in the big Midwest cities- jobs in growing industries When Europeans moved out, Hisp. and Af. Am. (from South) moved in 13

14. Figure 7-5Figure 7-6 14

15. The three migrations shape the current distribution of Af. Ams. 1. Forced Migration from Africa to American colonies (18 th Cent.) Triangle Slave Trade Less than 5% ended up in US (Southern Plantations), most in Caribbean and Brazil Emancipation Proc.  sharecropper system: freed slaves remain in south, pays rent to landowner in crops (i.e. he “shares the crops”) Had to grow cash crops., not what they could eat; increased debts 15

16. Figure 7-8 16

17. 2. Northern Immigration Demand for labor decreased in South Economic pull to North in 2 waves (before and after both World Wars) Wars increased demand for factory workers in North 17

18. Figure 7-10 18

19. 3. Expansion of the Ghetto Northern migration  Chain migration into “ghettos” Tightly packed ghettos eventually expanded into adjacent neighborhoods 19

20. Race is transmitted genetically, ethnicity is cultural Biological features within one racial group are highly variable (no isolation) Cultural characteristics race African American vs Black Cultural heritage (ethnicity) vs. color of skin (race) One could be “black”, but not African American and vice versa. 20

21. “Separate but Equal” Plessy v Ferguson  Jim Crow Laws in South Equal facilities = Equal treatment Brown v Board of Ed. ended this policy “White Flight” Rather than integrate, whites fled to suburbs fearing the blacks would move in to their neighborhoods  Ghettos expanded into vacant neighborhoods Blockbusting-Buy low from whites, sell high to blacks. 21

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23. (Apart)heid Laws Created by Boers/Afrikaners minority (Dutch) Did not want to hand over power to Black Africans Classifying by race- all had different legal status Different “homelands” for geographic isolation Repealed in 1991 Nelson Mandela elected President (1994) 23

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25. Look familiar? 25

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27. We have different identities at different scales Individual: brother/sister Local: residents of neighborhood Regional: Floridians, Southener National: American, Republican Global: Western, Educated “Nested” identities- one inside the other New York Residential segregation among different immigrants No longer just “Hispanic”- at the local scale we can see Puerto Rican, Dominican, etc. neighborhoods 27

28. Space- broad; place- specific Places affect identities and vice versa Sense of place is fluid- it changes with us Cultural groups may invoke Ethnicity if race cannot explain differences between groups Ethnic conflicts Yugoslavia, Northern-Ireland, Rwanda Ethnicity, like race, is dynamic and must be understood in terms of the geographic context and scale in which it is being viewed 28

29. Gendered places- specifically for men or women constructed to be gendered or we make them gendered thorough our actions Bathrooms for different genders/for different ethnicities? Society decides sexual norms Social scientists write in a Heteronormative way – POV of heterosexual, white, male 29