1. Neutron production in Pb/U assembly irradiated by deuterons at 1.6 and 2.52 GeV Ondřej Svoboda Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic Department of Nuclear Reactors, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague

2. Outline Energy plus Transmutation projectEnergy plus Transmutation project Deuteron experimentsDeuteron experiments MCNPX simulationsMCNPX simulations Experiment  SimulationExperiment  Simulation ConclusionConclusion - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

3. Energy plus Transmutation - Introduction Main aim - study of transmutation of FP and HA by spallation neutronsMain aim - study of transmutation of FP and HA by spallation neutrons Our tasks:Our tasks:  study of neutron production in thick, heavy target with fissionable blanket irradiated by light ions in GeV range  perform relevant Monte-Carlo simulations  make comparisons between experimental data and simulations - Energy plus Transmutation project Introduction setup - Deuteron experiments - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

4. Energy plus Transmutation - setup - Energy plus Transmutation project Introduction setup - Deuteron experiments - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

5. Proton and deuteron experiments Until now :Until now : - p + experiments – energies 0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 GeV Analyzed & simulated - p + experiments – energies 0.7, 1, 1.5, and 2 GeV Analyzed & simulated - d + experiments – energies 1.6 and 2.52 GeV - d + experiments – energies 1.6 and 2.52 GeV Preliminary results, simulations in progress On Nuclotron accelerator (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia)On Nuclotron accelerator (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia) Intensity ~ 10 10 /bunch, 10 13 totalIntensity ~ 10 10 /bunch, 10 13 total Irradiation time: about 8 hIrradiation time: about 8 h - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments Proton and deuteron experiments Beam monitors Detection of neutrons Placement of activation foils Gamma spectra measurement and evaluation Longitudinal results Radial results - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

6. Beam monitors 27 Al beam monitor – (p,3pn) 24 Na – well known  exp – (d,3p2n) 24 Na – only one value in our region – (d,3p2n) 24 Na – only one value in our region  exp = 15.25 ± 1.50 mbarn (2330 MeV) nat Cu beam monitor – (p,X) – many isotopes 58 Co, 56 Co, 55 Co, 52 Mn, 48 Cr, 48 Sc, 44m Sc, 57 Ni, 48 V, 43 K, 61 Cu, etc. – well known  exp – (d,X) – no  exp in our energy region! - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments Proton and deuteron experiments Beam monitors Detection of neutrons Placement of activation foils Gamma spectra measurement and evaluation Longitudinal results Radial results - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

7. Detection of neutrons AlAuBiCoIn Ta Reaction E thresh [MeV] Half-life 197 Au (n,2n) 196 Au 8.1 6.183 d 197 Au (n,3n) 195 Au 14.8 186.1 d 186.1 d 197 Au (n,4n) 194 Au 23.2 38.02 h 197 Au (n,5n) 193 Au 30.2 17.65 h 197 Au (n,6n) 192 Au 38.9 4.94 h 197 Au (n,7n) 191 Au 45.7 3.18 h - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments Proton and deuteron experiments Beam monitors Detection of neutrons Placement of activation foils Gamma spectra measurement and evaluation Longitudinal results Radial results - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

8. Placement of activation foils - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments Proton and deuteron experiments Beam monitors Detection of neutrons Placement of activation foils Gamma spectra measurement and evaluation Longitudinal results Radial results - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

9. Gamma spectra measurement and evaluation Yields of produced isotopes computed with respect to all corrections… - decay during cooling, measurement, irradiation - unequable irradiation - coincidences - non point-like emittors - detector deadtime - detector efficiency - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments Proton and deuteron experiments Beam monitors Detection of neutrons Placement of activation foils Gamma spectra measurement and evaluation Longitudinal results Radial results - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

10. Longitudinal distributions of isotopes produced in Au and Al foils, 1.6 GeV deuterons produced in Au and Al foils, 1.6 GeV deuterons - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments Proton and deuteron experiments Beam monitors Detection of neutrons Placement of activation foils Gamma spectra measurement and evaluation Longitudinal results Radial results - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

11. Radial distributions of isotopes produced in Au and Al foils, 1.6 GeV deuterons produced in Au and Al foils, 1.6 GeV deuterons - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments Proton and deuteron experiments Beam monitors Detection of neutrons Placement of activation foils Gamma spectra measurement and evaluation Longitudinal results Radial results - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

12. Simulations – MCNPX 2.6.C Different models available in the code, but: - only INCL4 can simulate deuterons with E > 2 GeV - 10x more time needed for this simulation => solved thanks CESNET METAcentrum - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments - MCNPX simulations MCNPX 2.6.C - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion

13. Experiment versus Simulations – protons - relative ratios of experimental and simulated yields (normalized to this foil) - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation protons longitudinal radial - Conclusion

14. Exp versus Sim – longitudinal - 3 cm over the target axis; 2,52 GeV deuteron - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation protons longitudinal radial - Conclusion

15. Exp versus Sim - radial - first gap, 2,52 GeV deuteron - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation protons longitudinal radial - Conclusion

16. Summary –Experiment × simulation: Protons – good agreement for Ep ≤ 1 GeV  – big difference for Ep ≥ 1.5 GeV Protons – good agreement for Ep ≤ 1 GeV  – big difference for Ep ≥ 1.5 GeV  Deuterons – experiment analysis in progress – simulations problematic, very time consuming, but contrivableDeuterons – experiment analysis in progress – simulations problematic, very time consuming, but contrivable –Future plans: Detailed analysis of possible sources of uncertaintiesDetailed analysis of possible sources of uncertainties Continue deuteron experimentsContinue deuteron experiments Perform proton experiments with higher energiesPerform proton experiments with higher energies  to find out “where is the problem?” Thank you for your attention.. - Energy plus Transmutation project - Deuteron experiments - MCNPX simulations - Experiment  Simulation - Conclusion