1. 

2.  Immigration: o What are the new and “free” things that immigrants come to appreciate? o How does she feel about education? Restate or write the questions for these: Urbanization: Do questions 1, 3, 5 Industrialization: Do questions 2, 3, 4

9.  Pushes: negatives that force people to leave a country  Poverty of farm workers replaced by mechanization  Overcrowded cities and lack of jobs  Religious persecution (of Jews in Russia)

10.  Pulls: positives that attract people to a country Political and religious freedom Improvement in transatlantic travel  Economic opportunities Industrialized cities Settling of the Great Plains

11.  OLD: 1815-1880 o Northern and western Europe o Mostly English speaking o Higher levels of literacy, job skills o Mostly Protestant Exception: Catholic Irish o Blended in easily

12.  NEW: 1880-1915 o Southern and eastern Europe o Chinese in the West o Typically poorer, illiterate o Largely Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish o Settled in poor ethnic neighborhoods in urban areas

14.  Before 1880’s: few restrictions  After: o Chinese Exclusion Act o Law banning “undesirables” o Law banning “contract labor” o Opening of Ellis Island Medical exams Documentation checks Pay tax

15.  Natural Selection  Survival of the fittest  The American dream: “pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps” o “those who feel an obligation to provide assistance to those unequipped or under-equipped to compete for resources, will lead to a country in which the weak and inferior are encouraged to breed more like them, eventually dragging the country down”—Herbert Spencer

16.  Growth in urban populations provided labor/market  Jobs in cities attracted immigrants/rural workers (esp. Southern blacks)

17.  Mass transportation (streetcars, trolleys, elevated trains): could commute  Led to suburbs  Skyscrapers (made possible by steel, elevators, steam-heating radiators)  Slums  Ethnic neighborhoods