1. Plant Anatomy 1. Plant Parts a.k.a. Plant Organs 2. Plant Tissues
3. Water Transport
4. Food Transport

2. Plant Parts/Organs
Root
Stem / Shoot
Leaf
Reproductive

3. Root Function 1. support and anchor plant
2. absorb water and minerals from soil
3. transports water and minerals to stem
some also serve as food-storage
e.g. maple trees, carrots

4. Root Types Taproots Fibrous Root
a long, thick main root with branching secondary roots
in dicots
e.g. dandelions, carrots
Fibrous Root
many main roots about the same size
not as deep in the ground but extends laterally
in monocots
e.g. grass

5. Root Structure
In the center of the root is the vascular cylinder (vein) – xylem and phloem.
Roots grow from the tips where the apical meristem is found and protected by the root cap.
In the zone of differentiation root hairs are found. Root hairs increase the root’s surface area and is where water and minerals are absorbed.

6. Cross Section of Growing Root
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7. Root Modifications Modified storage of beets
Adventitious roots – prop roots of corn
Pneumatophores – mangrove swamps
Epiphytes – strangler fig
Modified storage of beets
Aerial roots – develop along stem as in ivy

8. Stem Function 1. support the leaves
2. transport water and minerals from root to leaves
3. transport sugars from leaves
some may store food
e.g. sugar cane

9. Stem Types Herbaceous Stems Woody Stems
stems that are green, soft and regrown each year
Woody Stems
stems contain thick, tough tissue – wood
allows plants to live for more than 2 years and grow taller than 1 meter
hard tissue called wood is dead xylem

10. Stem Structure
must have vascular cylinder (vein) containing xylem and phloem
Xylem is always closer to the centre of the stem.
Phloem is always closer to the outside of the stem.
In monocots vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem.
In dicots vascular bundles are arranged in rings.
In woody stems
sapwood is younger xylem – conducts water, on outside
each year a new ‘ring’ of sapwood is laid down –annual rings
heartwood is older/dead xylem – filled with resins giving it a darker color; can’t conduct fluids
bark is the protective layer on the outside – consists of cork and phloem

11. Stem Modifications

12. Leaf Function
to act as solar panels trapping sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose by the process called photosynthesis – create food for the plant
plants now are ‘food’ for organisms
photosynthesis also produces oxygen

13. Leaf Types broad verse narrow simple verse compound
needles of gymnosperms

14. Leaf Structure contain chlorophyll to photosynthesize – thus are green
designed to maximize exposure to sunlight – thus tend to be wide
contain special cells to protect against excessive water loss and damage – cuticle and epidermis
have special cells to allow gases (CO2, O2, H2O ) to be exchanged – guard cells form stomata
contain veins to transport need water and produced glucose

15. Cross Section of a Leaf

16. Leaf Modifications Spines – of cacti Tendrils – of grapevine
Venus fly trap
Petal – of flowers
Succulents – jade plant
Storage leaf – onion

17. Reproductive Organs Ferns - spores Gymnosperms – cones
Angiosperms – flowers